innesota  Plant  Studi 


OW! 


b.  K.  Bl"i 


F*  1.  ii  Mill  ffiibrarQ 

Nortli  (Harolitta  BtnU 
MnttJFrHitjj 


is  book  was  presented  by 

Harlan  C.    Brown 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
JECT TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
POSTED  AT  THE  CIRCULATION 
DESK. 


Ubb 


Minnesota  Plant  Studies 


V. 
GUIDE 

TO  THE 

AUTUMN  FLOWERS  OF  MINNESOTA 

FIELD  AND  GARDEN 


F.  E.  Clements,  C.  0.  Rosendahl 

AND 

F.  K.  Butters 


University  <>t  Minnesota 
Minnc;ipuli:> 
Junel"M 


Preface 

The    present    number    of    "M  ini 
the  third   edition  of  "Spring    Flowers."       It   is   pre] 

hools  to  begin  work  with  flowering  plants  in  tl  i 
dent   some  preliminary  knowledge  and  training  as  a  ba 
work  in   the   spring.     For   this   reason,  cultivated    •; 
included,  and  special  attention  is  given  to  tl  i 
play  such  a  large  and  practical  part  in  fall  vegetation.     An  ei 
to  include  all  the  specie-  found  in  bloom  alter  September  first 
to  bloom   in  July   and    August,    SO    that    autumn    and    spril 
fairly  well  for  the  recognition  of  the   summer 

generally,  as  well   as   for  the   increasing   number  •  and   high 

greenhouses,  all  of  the  common  species  blooming  during  the  wintei 
also. 

The  flowering  plants  of  the  whole  school  year,  from  September  i   I 
cultivated   and    native,    are    now    covered    by    the    two    guides    to    spring    fl< 
autumn  flowers.     In  a  few  year-  it  is  expected  that  a  summer  guide  will  I 
in  anticipation  of  the  time  when  a  completely  illustrated   book  of  all  the   fl 
state  will   be  possible. 

Britton  and  Brown's   "Illustrated    Flora"  and   Gray's  "Manual" 
drawn  upon  in  the  preparation  of  the  present  guide,  and  acknowledgmei  I 
made  of  their  aid.     The  grouping  <>i  the  families   is  essentially  that 
system    of   classification.     The    sequence    is    from    pines    and    1. utter, 
mints  to  roses  and  asters,  and  then  to  lilies,  grasses  and  orchids. 

In  addition  to  the  list  of  publications  in  the  following  series,  "Minn* 
and    Shruhs"   is   also   available   for    students    and    plant    lovers    generally.     In 
supplants   the   "Guide  to  Trees  and    Shruhs."  which   will   not   be   republish* 
"Minnesota  Algae"  is  also  valuable  for  schools,  health  officers,  water  and 
missioners,  as  well  as  to  others  who  possess  micr<  - 

MINNESt  >TA    PLANT    STUD! 

i.  Guide  to  Spring  Flowers,  third  edition 

2.  Guide  to  Trees  and  Shrubs,   second   edition 

3.  Guide   to    Ferns   and    Fern    Allies    110   cents).  , 

4.  Minnesota    Mushrooms    (paper.    50    cents;    cloth,    .c  I 

5.  Guide  to  Autumn   Flowers    (15  cento. 

6.  School  Gardens  and   Greenhouses   (15  cents).  (In   prepai 

Copies   of    the   above    publications    ate    sent    free    to    resident 
copies  of  Nos.  I.  5  and  6  will  be  furnished   tree  to   the  sell 
Additional   copies    may    be    Secured   at    the   price    indicated      This    is    the    ; 
non-residents,  who  are  not   on   the  exchange   list   of  the 

FREDERIC    l      CLEW 
'  of  the   Departmi 

The  University  of  Minnesota 

May,  1913. 


Introduction 


HOW  TO  USE  mi:  KE1 

Th"  method  of  using  the  keys   for   finding  the 
common    flower   as    an    --simple.      If    we   choc 
"Key   to    Families"    on    page    ri.     Here    it    is 
<>r  absent.     Since   petals  and   sepals   are  both  clearlj    pi 
Under   this   heading  it   is   then   necessary   to   decide    between    "1 

I.    Lbai  Outlim 


1.    Rounded.  2.    Cordate  (heart-shaped). 

6.     Sagittate  (arrow-shaped). 


3.  4.     Krnifurni  I  kidncy->h.i; 
Auriculate  lean.!  8.     Hastate    halberd  *hap«J 


"2.    Flowers    in    heads."      Examples    of    the    latter    are    i  I 

glory  evidently   falls   under   "1."     The   next  choice    is 

Since    the   morning   glory   has    five    petals    grown    int.)    a    funnel 

decision    then    rests   between    "(1)    Petals    separate"    an 

between    "(a)"   Ovary   superior,   i.   e.,   within    the   other    parts,"    and 

the   other   parts."     The  ovary   is   found   within    the   corolla   tube 

II.    Leak  Outlines  AND  I'. I 


1      Linear.  2.     Lanceolate  (lance-shaped).  3.     Oblong 

7.     OblanciMl.itc 

ferior  ovary  is  found  at  the  bottom  of  the 

single   flowers  of  dandelions,  a 

in  the  ovary.     This  can  be  told  readily   from   • 

of   the   ovary.      If   there    are    no   cross    walll, 

is  divid  Brat  i 

one-celled,"   or  "y.  I 


vi  INTRODUCTION 

and  "(y)  Erect  herbs,  or  tendril  climbers."  The  morning  glory  twines  or  climbs  without  tendrils, 
and  our  plant  thus  belongs  to  the  "Convolvulaceae »  This  family  is  found  in  the  text  on  page  14. 
Here  the  first  step  is  to  read  carefully  the  description  of  the  morning  glory  family.  If  there  are 
no  points  of  disagreement,   the   plan!   has  been   traced   to   the    right    family,   and    it   is    then   necessary    to 

III.    Leaf  Edges 


1.     Serrate  (saw-toothed). 
4.     Tndulate  (wavy). 


2.    Dentate  (toothed). 
5.     .Sinuate  (bayed). 


3.    Crenate  (scalloped). 
6.    Incised  (lagged). 


determine    the    particular    genus    by    reference    to    the    key    which    follows    the    family    description.      The 
morning   glory   clearly    falls   under    "1.   Stems   leafy,    green;    flowers    large."      The    choice    then    lies    be- 

IV.    Leaf  Tips 


4  5  6  7 

2.     Acute.  3.     Obtuse.  4.     Truncate. 

Emarginate.  7.    Obcordate.  8.    Cuspidate.  9.    Mucornate 


1       2 
1.    Acuminate. 


8         9 

5.    Retuse. 


t wiin    "a.  Stigma    capitate    or    head-like"    and    "b.    Stigmas    2,    linear."      Since    the    stigma    is    one    and 
capitate,    the   choice   then    falls  between    "(1)    Leaves    pinnately    parted;    corolla    salver-form"    and    "(2) 

V.    Lobed  Leaves 


Pinnately:     1.    Lobed. 
Palmately;    2.    Loced. 


3.    Cleft. 
4.     Cleft. 


5.  Parted.  7.     Divided. 

6.  Parted.  8.    Divided. 


IN  I  1,-1.1    ■ 

: 

"1.   Flowers  opening  in  the   mon 

he  morning  glory   belongs   in   "1."      i 
"a,"    and    under    "a"    th< 


' 


=  ^ 


1.     Odd-pinnate.        2.     Tendril-pienate.        .'.     Kvtn-pinnate. 

The  same   method   is   used   in   locating  any   plant    whosi 
using  the  key  are:  first,  that  the  choice  must  1»-  made   between    two, 
alternatives   are   indented    the   sac  from   the  margin,  and  are  numl  • 

for   example,   "I"   and   "II,"   "a"   and   "h,"   ai 

after   choice   has  been   made    of   one    alternative,    no    further   attention 
In   making  the   choice   bet\t  however,   it   is  essential   I 

VI.    Compound  I.k.wi  - 


. 


4.    Palmate  oi  digitate. 


viii  INTRODUCTION 

upon  the  other.  In  the  last  place,  it  is  necessary  to  examine  the  plant  carefully  and  not  merely  guess 
at  the  points  in  question.  This  applies  also  to  the  technical  terms  which  cannot  be  avoided  if 
leaves  and  flowers  are  to  be  described  accurately. 

In  the  case  of  a  common  weed,  it  will  often  be  found  convenient  to  make  use  of  the  "Key  to 
Weeds"  on  page  xv.  This  is  particularly  true  of  weeds  in  the  fall,  since  their  flowers  have  often 
tred.  tt  is  quite  possible  to  place  them,  however,  from  the  characters  of  leaves  and  fruits 
by  the  use  of  the  key  indicated.  In  finding  the  botanical  name  of  the  sweet  clover,  the  first  choice 
is  between  "1.  Leaves  simple,"  and  "2.  Leaves  compound."  Since  the  leaf  of  the  sweet  clover 
consists  of  three  leaflets,  it  evidently  falls  under  "2."  The  next  choice  is  between  "a.  Leaves 
with  three  leaflets,"  and  "b.  Leaves  with  more  than  three  leaflets."  The  choice  here  falls  upon  "a" 
and  then  the  decision  rests  between  "(1)  Leaf  margin  entire"  and  "(2)  Leaf  margin  serrate  or 
toothed."  1  ii. I,i  ••(2)"  the  choice  lies  between  "(a)  Leaf  margin  coarsely  serrate  or  toothed"  and 
"(b)  Leaf  margin  finely  serrate."  This  distinction  requires  some  experience  for  entire  certainty,  but 
the  small  teeth  on  the  leaflet  of  the  sweet  clover  would  seem  to  indicate  fairly  clearly  that  the  choice 
would  fall  upon  "(b)."  Under  "(b)"  the  height  of  the  plant  and  the  arrangement  of  the  flowers  in 
a  long  cluster  or  raceme  indicate  that  the  choice  should  rest  upon  "x.  Upright  plants  2-6  feet  tall — 
Melilotus  alba  :  sweet  clover,"  page  xviii. 

EXPLANATION  OF  THE  CHART 

The  chart  on  page  ix  is  designed  to  show  the  general  lines  of  descent  of  flowering  plants  from 
the  ancestral  ferns,  and  to  indicate  the  relationships  of  the  various  orders.  It  is  based  primarily 
upon  the  development  of  the  flower  as  a  special  organ  for  pollination  and  seed-production.  Families 
with  the  simplest  flowers,  that  is,  those  with  the  flowers  least  changed  from  the  fruiting  organs  of  the 
ferns,  are  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  chart.  Such  families  are  found  in  the  gymnosperms  and  in 
the  buttercup  order.  The  flowers  of  the  former  are  wind-pollinated,  and  lack  both  calyx  and  corolla. 
The  flowers  of  most  buttercups,  on  the  other  hand,  are  pollinated  by  insects,  and  possess  both  calyx 
and  corolla,  or  a  showy  calyx.  These  are  regarded  as  the  primitive  or  earliest  type  of  flower  of  the 
angiosperms.  From  the  specialization  of  these,  in  response  to  insect  and  wind  pollination,  have 
been  derived   the  orders   and   families  of  the   three  lines   of  evolution   shown   in    the   chart. 

In  detail,  the  primitive  flower  shows  a  large  number  of  separate  stamens  and  separate  pistils, 
the  petals  are  alike  and  separate,  and  there  is  no  union  between  any  of  the  four  parts,  sepals,  petals, 
stamens  and  pistils.  In  the  increasing  adaptation  of  a  flower  to  its  work  of  pollination  and  seed- 
production,  this  primitive  form  has  given  rise  to  the  higher  or  more  specialized  forms  characteristic 
of  the  various  orders  of  the  chart.  The  chief  steps  by  which  this  has  been  brought  about  are  four, 
namely,  reduction  in  number  of  parts,  union,  change  in  shape,  change  in  position  of  the  corolla,  or  eleva- 
tion, but  these  changes  have  not  appeared  in  the  same  sequence  in  all  three  lines.  Reduction  in  number 
to  a  flower  plan  of  3,  4  or  5  has  been  almost  universal  in  the  groups  just  above  the  buttercups,  though 
flowers  occasionally  occur  with  number  plans  of  6,  7,  8  and  even  9.  In  flower  structure,  the  arrowheads 
are  essentially  buttercups  with  parts  in  threes,  while  the  lilies  are  arrowheads  with  the  stamens  and 
pistils  reduced  in  number,  and  the  latter  united  to  form  a  compound  pistil.  In  the  irises,  the  colored 
perianth  of  sepals  and  petals  is  upon  or  above  the  ovary,  and  in  the  orchids,  the  corolla  is  strikingly 
irregular,  one  petal  usually  taking  the   form  of  a  lip  or  sack. 

In    the    roses,   the   buttercup   type   is   modified   by    the    gradual    growing    together    of    the    calyx    and 

receptacle,    and    finally    of    the    ovary    also,    with    the  result  that  the  corolla  and  stamens   are   above  the 

and    ovary.      In    the    lower    roses,    the    number   of   stamens,   and    usually    of    pistils   also   is   large, 

pistils    are    separate.      In    the   higher    families,    the    pistils    are    united    into    a   compound    pistil. 

In    the    madders   and  honeysuckles,   the  petals  have   become    united,    and    finally,    in    most    of   the    asters, 

or    all    of    the    flowers    of    the    characteristic   heads    become    irregular    as    to    their    petals.      In    the 

rds,   pinks,  and   geraniums,  the   flower  parts   are    regularly    reduced    to    the   number   plan    of    4   or 

5,   and   the   pistils  are   united.     In   the   primroses,   the  petals  become  united,  and  in  the  snapdragons  and 

mints,  the  corolla  as  a  rule  is  highly  irregular. 


EVOLUTION  AND  RELATIONSHIP  01  Till 

Monocotyledons 

Dicotyledons 


Orchidales 
"Orchids" 


Irida 
"Ir&j 


Poales 
"Grasses" 


Juncales 
"Rushes" 


les 
ds" 


Asterale< 


anales 
Bluebells" 


Madders" 


Cactales 
"Cacti" 


Apiales 
.     "Parsleys' 


Sapindales 
"Mii\  les' 


Erica  les 
"Heaths' 


| 


; 


Arale 
"Aroids 

Gymnosperms 
"Conifer 


Key  to  Families 


I .   Petals  i  resent 

1.  Flowers  single  or  in  clusl 
ds   3 

( 1 )  i  >\  ary    superior 

(a)    Pistils    several-many,    simple 
Pistil    1,  compound 
\.  Sepals  green,  or   still   and  dry,  unlike  the  pel 
(x)   Air  plants  with   gray    foliage 
(v)    Lam!   plants   with   green    leaves  and   sepals 
y.  Sepals   and    petals   similar    in   color   and    texture 

Sepals    and    petals    very    small,    scale-like,    usuallj 

brown 
-  pals  and   petals  not  scale-like  imr  greenish   brown 
in.  Aquatic    plants,    Sowers    irregular 
n.    Land   plants.   Rowers   regular  or   near;-. 

(2)  Ovary   inferior 

(a)  Aquatic,  leaves  submerged,  flowers  floating 

(b)  Not  aquatic 

x.  Stamens  3-6,   (lowers    regular    or   moderately    irregular 
(x)    Stamens  6 
(y)    Stamens   3 
y.  Fertile  stamens   1  2,  llowrrs  very   irregular 
(x)   Stamen   not  attached  to  style,  seeds    few 
(y)   Stamen  or  stamens  attached   to   the   style,  seeds   very   numer- 
ous 
b.  Petals   4  or   more 
(1)    Petals    separate 

(a)  Petals    4 

x.   Flowers    regular 

i\>   Stamens  4.  at   least  the  anther-bearing 
Stamens    l>    or    more 
m.  Stamens   6 
n.    Stamens   8  or   more 
(m)    Stamens  8-10 
r.   Fleshy  plants 
s.   Nut  fleshy 

■  '\  ary   superior,   i.  e,  \\  ithin   the 
h.  Pod  bladderj  ;  flowers  white 
i.    Pod   nol  flowers   yellowish 

(s)   <>\arv  infei    T.  i.e.  below  the  other  : 
Stamens  1-  or 
\.   Flowers   irregular 
3l  miens    many 
Stamen    1 

(b)  Petals  5  ,,r  more 
\.   Petals  5 

(x)   Flowers  regular  % 

m.    Pistils    feu   c 
(m)    Plants    Resl 


60 

KEY    TO    FAMILIES 


.  e.   w  ithin    the    other   parts 
e.  below  the  other  parts 


(n)     Plants  not   fleshy  :    stamens  many 

r.   Stamens  and  petals  coming  o!T  with   the  calyx 
s.   Stamens   and    pistils    entirely    free    from    the    calyx 
n.    Pistil    1 

(ni)    Pistil    with   a   single    stigma 

(n)    Pistil  with  2  or  more  stigmas,  or  the  ovary  lobed 
r.  Stamens   5-10 

(r)    Ovary  4-5-celled   or   10-celled 
h.   Leaves  simple,  entire 

I  eaves    lobed    to   compound 
(h)    Leaves    of   3   leaflets 
(i)     Leaves   not    of  3   leaflets 
p.  Flowers    yellowish 
q.   Flowers   never   yellow 
(s)   Ovary    l-2-celled 
h.  ( (vary    2-celled 
(h)    Ovary   superior, 
(i)     Ovary  inferior, 
i.    Ovary    1-celled 

(h)    Styles    2,    the    ovary    lobed    at    tip 
(i)     Styles  3-5,  when    2   the  ovary   not  lobed 
s.  Stamens  many 

(r)    Stamens   united   into   a  column 
(s)    Stamens   not    united    into   a   column 
(y)    Flowers   irregular 
m.   Flowers  spurred 

(m)    Spur   formed  by  a  petal 
(n)     Spur  formed  by  a  sepal 
n.    Flo  spurred 

(m)    Stamens   6-8;   ovary   2-celled 
(n)     Stamens    10;   ovary    1-celled 
y.   Petals   apparently    6 

Stamens  5;   flower  very  irregular,  one   sepal  spurred 
(y)    Stamens    6,    pistil    1;    petals    really    3 
(z)    Stamens  and  pistils  many;  petals  really  sepais 
z.   Petals   many:    double   flowers   of  many   families,  to  be  determined 
by  the  beginner  only  when  single 
(2)    Petals  united 

(a)    Ovary    superior,    i.  e.,    within    the    other   parts 
x.   ('vary    l-celled,   or   pistils   5,   separate 
(x)    Ovary    1-celled 
m.  Corolla  regular 
(m)    Stigma    1 

r.   Stamens    opposite    the    corolla    lobes 
s.   Stamens    alternate    with    the    corolla    lobes 
(n)     Stigmas   5 
n.    Corolla   irregular 

(m)    Calyx   teeth  with   hooked  bristles 
(n)     Calyx  not  bristly 
(y)    Pistils    5,    separate 
y.  Ovary   2-4-celled,   rarely    the    2    cells   separate    or  4-lobed 
(x)    Ovary  2-celled,  or  2  ovaries  united  by  the  stigmas 
m.  Corolla   papery,    tiny,  4-lobed 
n.    Corolla  not   papery   and   tiny,  rarely  4-lobed 

(m)    Flowers   regular;   stamens  as  many  as   the  corolla  lobes 
r.  Ovarv   2-celled 


Rosaceae 
Ranunculaceae 

24 
1 

Rosaceae 

24 

Linaceae 

12 

Oxalidaa  <j< 

11 

Rutaceae 

12 

Geraniaceae 

10 

Saxifragaceae 

27 

Apiaceae 

30 

Saxifragaceae 

-    27 

Caryophyllaceae 

4 

Malvaceae 

8 

Portulacaceae 

6 

Violaceae 

4 

Tropaeolaceae 

11 

Polygalaceae 

4 

Fabaceae 

25 

Balsaminaceae 

11 

Liliaceae 

46 

Ranunculaceae 

1 

Primulaceae 

13 

G  entianaceae 

17 

Plumbaginaceae 

13 

Verbenaceae 

21 

Gesneraceae 

20 

Crassidaceae 

27 

Plantaginaceae 

14 

KEY    TO    FAMILIES 


(r)  Ovary  and   frail   fen  seeded 

(s)    i  >\  .iry    and     fruit    ii 

g.  <  ivaries  2,  united  al   the  tip  only 
(n)    Flowers  ii  regular  ;   itan 
r.  Shrubs 

s.    1 1 

3  eds  borne  dire<  tly  on  the 

borne  on  i  up    <t  hook  like 
(y)    i  (vary   4  i  elled   or   4  lobed 
in.  <  Ivary  4  celled 

(m)    Leaves   rising  directly    from   ■ 
(n)    Leaves  borne  on   above-ground 
r.   Leaves   opposite 
s.   Leaves  alternate,  al   leas)   above 

(r)    Leaves  alternate  throughont;  fruit  of  4  nut! 
(s)    Leaves  opposite  below;   fruil   ■  hooked   pod 
n.    »  (vary  4  lobed  or  4  di\  ided 

(m)    Leaves  opposite;  flowers   mostly  irregular 
(n)     Leaves   alternate;    flowers   mostly    regular 
i  rv  3  .  elled 
(x)  Twiners 

iy)    Erect    herbs,  or   tendril   climbers 
(b)    Ovary    inferior,    i.e.,    below    the    Other    parts 
x.   Woody    plants 
y.   Herbs 

(x)    Stamens    1-3 
m.  Erect  herbs 

n.    Climbing  or  trailing  plants,  usually   with  tendrils 
(y)    Stamens   4  S 
in.  Sap   milky:   stamens   often   unite. 1 
n.    Sap  not   milky;    stamens   separate 
(z)    Stamens    many;    flowers    monoecious    01 
2.   Flowers   in    b 

a.  Ovary    superior;    flowers    pea-like 
1).  Ovary  inferior;   flowers  oot   pea-like 
vl;   Stamens  united   by   their  anthers 
(2)   Stamens  separate 
II.  Petals    absent 

1.  Sepals   present,   often    pel  J  like,   rarely    very   minute 

a.  Calyx    funnel-form,    bright-colored;    invi 

b.  Calyx   not    funnel  form 

( 1)  Pistils  several  many 

(2)  Pistil    1,  at   least    the   ovary 

(a)  Si  un<  as  as  many  as  the  sepals 
x.  Flowers   in   dense  flesh]    spikes 
> .   Flowers  not  in   fleshy 
(x)   Ovary  superior 
in.  1  lower  >  lusters  pa] 
n.    Flower  i  lusters   »  ithi 
(m)   Sepal 
i  a  |    Sepals    *  or   more 

r.  Stipules    papery    and    sheathing    tl 

corolla  likr 
s.  Stipules  not   ; 
(r)   Stigma    1 
(s)    - 


IS 

• 


■ 


' 


' 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES 


h.  Fruit  a  capsule;  stigmas  3 
i.    Fruit   an  achene  or   utricle;   stigmas   mostly  2 
(h)    Flowers   perfect  or  monoecious 
(i)     Flowers    dioecious 
(y)    Ovary    inferior 
m.   Petal-like    sepals    forming    a    tube;    style    1 
n.    Styles   2;    tube    lacking 
(b)    Stamens    more   numerous    than    the   sepals 
\.   Sepals   4  ;   stamens  6 
y.  Sepals   S,  or   apparently   so,  often   petal-like 

(x)    Stamens   apparently   numerous;    fruit   a  capsule 
(y)    Stamens   6-S ;    fruit   an  achene 
2.  Sepals  absent,  or   occasionally   very  minute 

a.  Flowers    in    small    heads,    surrounded    by    5    petal-like    parts 

b.  Flowers    in    spikes    or    spikelets 

(1)  Spike   fleshy,  with   a  petal-like    spathe 

(2)  Flowers   in    papery   spikelets   with   scales 

(a)  Flower  enclosed  in  2  scales,  stem  hollow,  round 

(b)  Flower  with  a  single   scale;   stem  solid,  mostly  triangular 


Mollugaci  ac 

6 

Chenopodiattac 

7 

Moraceae 

10 

Allioniaceae 

8 

Apiaceae 

30 

Brassicaceae 

3 

liuphorbiaceae 

12 

Polygonaceae 

7 

Enphorb'iaceae 

12 

Araceae 

45 

Gram'maceae 

50 

Cyperaceae 

49 

Key  to  Weeds 

For  weeds  amonR  the  Brasses  and  composites,  lee  tb< 


1.  Leaves  simple 
a.   Leaves  nol    lobed  01   i  ul 

(.  I  )    Plants   rosette  like,  mat  like  or  i  reeping 

(a)  Leaves  large,  S  10  cm.  or  more,  rounded;  biennials 
x.   Leaves  elliptic   to  ovate,    in   a   ro 

(x)    Leaves  parallel  veined 

l    aves    netted-veined,    very    large 
ives  densely  woolly,  hairy 
ii.    Leaves   not    woolly 
y.    Leaves  round,  on  i  reeping  stems 

(b)  Leaves   small,    1-3   cm.   liiuar   to   ovate,  annuals 
x.  Leaves  and  stem  thick  and  fleshy,  not  milky 

y.  Leaves  and   stem  milky 
(x)    Leaves  and  stems  hairy 

(y)    Leaves  and  stems  smooth 
in.  Seeds  faintly  transversely  ridged  and  pitted 

n.    Seeds  stronglj    transversely    ridged,  nol  pitted 

z.  Leaves  and  stems  neither  fleshy  nor  milky 

(x)    Leaves   narrow,   in    whorls 

(y)    Leaves  broader,  alternate 

m.   Flowers  solitary  in    the  axils 

n.    Flowers  clustered   in   the  axils 

(2)   Plants  erect,  ascending,  decumbent  or  clim 

(a)  Stems  climbing 

x.  Fruits    triangular,    flowers    inconspicuous 

y.   Fruits   rounded,    flowers   large   white 

(b)  Stems  not  twining  nor  climbing 

X.   Annuals 

(x)    Steins    and    leaves    milky 

Stems    and    leave-,    not    milky 

m.  Plants    bushy,    tumbh     wi 
|  in  i    Leaves   obo>  at< 

I  ea\es    linear,    somewhal    ' 
Stl  nis    with    spiny    bl 

•  ns  not   spin) .  often   red 

n.    Plants  not  bushy,  not  tumbh 
(m  i    Flowers  and    fruits   in   terminal  •  lusl 


■ 

■ 
■ 


■:um 


-■ 


KEY  TO  WEEDS 
o.   Fruit    a    many-seeded    4-celled    pod 

p.  Fruit  1-seeded 

(o)    Fruit    inclosed    in    greenish,    white    or    pink    sepals, 
nodes    enlarged,    stipules     sheathing 
r.   Plants    1-3  feet,  racemes  short  and  thick 


s.  Plants   1-1^2    feet,    racemes   narrow 
(r)    Sepals    white    or    pink 

(s)    Sepals    greenish 

([))    Fruit   inclosed    in    fleshy-mealy    sepals,    stems    ridged 

(q)    Fruit    inclosed    in    dry   spiny    sepals 
r.  Dull    green,    spikes    dense 

s.   Deeper   green,    spikes    slender 

(n)    Flowers  and  fruits  in  the  axils  of  the   leaves 
o.   Fruit  a  blue-black  berry 
p.   Fruit    dry,    not    berries 

(o)    Stems   four-sided,  leaves  cordate 

(p)    Stems  round,  leaves   ovate   to  lanceolate 
r.   Leaves  alternate,  fruits  surrounded  with  leafy  bracts 
(r)    Leaves  parallel-veined,  petioles    sheathing 

(s)    Leaves    net-veined,    petioles    not    sheathing 

s.   Leaves    opposite 

(r)    Plants   smooth,  transparent  and  watery 
(s)    Plants  more   or  less  hairy,  not  transparent 
t.  Plants  tall,   fruit   1   cm.  or  more 

u.  Plants   low,   spreading,   fruit   less   than    1   cm. 
(t)    Leaves  all  sessile  and  viscid  hairy 

(u)    Lower  leaves   petioled,   slightly  hairy 
y.  Perennials   or    biennials 

(x)    Leaves    densely    gray-woolly,    large    and    basal 
(y)    Leaves   not    woolly,   mostly   on    the    stem 
m.  Leaves  linear 

n.    Leaves    oblong    to    ovate    or    lanceolate 

(m)    Leaves    alternate    with    sheathing   stipules 
(n)    Leaves    opposite    without    sheathing    stipules 
o.  Margin   of  leaf  entire 

(o)    Fruit  surrounded  by   large  green  involucre 
(p)    Fruit    surrounded    by    close-fitting   calyx 

p.  Margin  of  leaf  serrate   or  toothed 

(o)    Flowers    in    spikes    or    racemes,    leaves    not    stronj 
scented 
r.  Leaves  sessile,  spikes  dense 


Ondgra       biennis:      evening 
primrose 


Polygon  u  m  pen  nsilvdn  hum  : 
per  sic  aria 

Polygonum  lapathifolium: 
pale  persicaria 

Polygonum  hydropiper: 

smartweed 

Chenopodium  album:  goose- 
foot 

Amardnthus  retro  flexus :  pig- 
weed 

Amardnthus  hybridus:  green 
pigweed 

Solarium  nigrum:  nightshade 

Ldmium  amplexicaule:  hen- 
bit 


Commelina  communis :  day- 
flower 

Acalypha  virginica:  3-seeded 
mercury 

Pilea    pumila:   clearweed 

Silene  noctiflora:  night- 
flowering  catchfly 

Cerdstium  vulgdtum:  mouse- 
ear  chickweed 
Stellar ia   media:    chickweed 

Verbdscum   thdpsus:   mullein 

Lindria  vulgaris:  butter 
and  eggs 

Rumex  crispus:  dock 


Allionia    nyctaginea: 
Saponaria    officinalis:    soap- 
wort 


Verbena   strict  a:    hoary   ver- 
vain 


KEY  TO  WEEDS 


:n    long,  ill  : 


. 


!  lowers   in   numerous  axill 
I  rs    in    axillary   .  In-'-  • 

b.  Leaves    lobi  d    or    cut 
(1)1  osite 

Stems  climbing,  rough,  almost   prickly 
(b)    Stems   not   climbing,  square   or   squarish 
Sti  ms   prostrate,  bracted,   fruit    m 


• 


• 


. 


ires  alternate 
S ;i  ms  climbing,  fruit  spiny 
x.   Fruits  borne  singly,    four    • 

y.  Fruits  in  clusti  rs,  one  seeded 

Stems  erect  or  nearly  so,  fruit  mostly  smooth 
x.  Fruit    small,   flattened,    l-seeded,   in   clu 

y.   Fruit    a    several    to   man) 

Pod    elongated    or    narrow 
m.  Pod   0-10  cm.  long,  flowei  red 

n.    Pod    1-2  cm.   long,   flowers   yellow 

(m)    Pod   sessile 

(n)      Pod    stalked 

1  i  ni.  or   Li  5s,  shorter  than  th( 

onger  than  pedi<  els, 
ing 

■ 
r.   Pod    10-15   mm.   long 
s.  Pod    2-5   cm.   long 

Bi  ak   very   short,  po 


. 


■  j      Pod    rounded    or    triangular 
m.  Pod   large,  spiny 

n.     l'o<l   small,   flat   and   smooth 
(m)    Pod  rounded,  2  -• 


I    d  triangular,  i 


2.   Leaves    com] 

a.   Leaves   with    3    leafl 

(1)  Leaf-margin  entire 

(a)  r 

(b)  Plants  scentless,  leafl)  ts  n<  I 

(2)  Leaf  margin   serrate  or  toothed 


ii  KEY  TO  WEEDS 

(a)  Leaf   margin   coarsely   serrate  or  toothed 

(b)  Leaf    margin    finely   serrate 
x.   Upright    plants,   2-6    feet   tall 
y.  Plants    lower,    flowers   in    he 

(x)    Flowers    white    or     whitish 
in.  Plants   creeping 

ii.    Plants   ascending  or   erect 
(y)    Flowers    deep   pink 

ves  with   more  than  3  leaflets 

(1)  Leaves   palmate 

(a)  Leaves    silvery    underneath,    plants    creeping 

(b)  Leaves    green    both    sides,    plants    tall 

(2)  Leaves    pinnate 

(a)  Leaves  with    5    (rarely  3)    leaflets,  flowers  purple,  in    spikes 

(b)  Leaves   with   numerous  leaflets,  flowers  yellow,  not  in   spikes 


Potent  ilia  tnonspeliensis: 

cinq  foil 


Meliloius  alba:  sweet  clover 


Tr i  folium  ripens:       while 
clover 

Tri folium  hybrid  um:    alsike 

Trifolium  pratense:       red 
clover 


Potentilla  argentea:  silvery 
cinqfoil 

Cannabis   sativa:   hemp 

Petalostemon  purpiireus: 

prairie   clover 

Cassia  chamaecrista:  part- 
ridge pea 


Spermatophytes  Flowering  Plants 

Angiospermae        Angiosperms 

Dicotyledons 

Ranalcs        Buttercup  Order 

Ranunculaceae— Buttercup    Family 

Herbs    or   climbing    shrubs;    sepals    3-15,    petals    0-15, 
a<  hene,    folli<  le    or    berr)  ;    flow  i  i 

1.  Flowers   regular 

a.  Climbing    vine 

b.  Frect    herbs 

(1)  Petals  present,  often    much  smaller  than  the  sepals 

(  a  )     Petals     mnsi.it  uuiis,     yellow 

(ii)    Petals  much   smaller   than   the   colored   sepals 
\.  Sepals    whitish;    leaves    palmately    divided 
v.   Sepals    bluish;    leaves    finely    cut 

(2)  Petals   absent;    sepals  colored 

2.  Flowers  irregular 

a.  Upper   sepal    hood-like 

b.  Upper   sepal   funnel-like   or   spurred 

Clematis— Virgin's  Bower,  I  lematis 

Kir.    klematis,    a    climbing    i 

1.  Leaflets   toothed;    flowering    in    summer 

2.  Leaflets  entire;   flowering   in   autumn 

Ranunculus— Buttercup,  I 

i  I. at.    ranunculus,    a    little     v.  • 

1.  Leaves    lobed    or    cut 

a.  Flowers    yellow 

(1)  Flowers    1  3    cm.    wide 

(a)  Flowers   1  2  cm.   wide;  stems  smooth 

(b)  Flowers  2-3  cm.  wide;  stems  hairy 

(2)  Flowers  4-5   cm.   wide,  often   double 

b.  Flowers    white 

2.  Leaves    not    lobed 

a.  Leaves   entire,    oblong   "i-    lanceolate 

b.  Leaves   crenate,    rounded 

I  [elleb  »rus     1 1 

i  '  '.r.    helleboros,      ell<  tx  I 
Leaves    lobed;    flowers    white    to    pink 

Nigeria     Ragged  I 

•     niger.  I. la. 

leaves  finelj    dis  -  ted,  the   \i]  pel    ei    losing  the   M 

Anemone      Anemone,  W 

(Or.     anemone. 

1.  Stamens    blue  ;     pedum  les     1  2 

2.  Stamens   yellow  ;    pedum  les    2  S 

D.    H.    HILL.   UBRAPY 
North  Carolina  State  Collate 


PAPAVERACEAE— CAPPARIDACEAE 


Aconitum — Aconite,  Monkshood 

(Gr.    akoniton,    monkshood,    perhaps   from   an    original  rocky   home) 

1.  Leaves    3  parted,   but   not   divided   to   the   base 

2.  Leaves    4-9-lobed,    usually    divided    to    the    base 

a.  Helmet   closed 

b.  Helmet    open 

(1)  Helmet    narrow    and    cone-like 

(2)  Helmet    broad   and   low 

Delphinium — Larkspur,  Rocket 

(Gr.    delphinion,    larkspur) 

1.  Pistils    2-3;    leaves    coarsely    lobed 

2.  Pistil    1  ;    leaves    finely   cut 

a.  Pod    smooth;    flowers    scattered  D.  consolida 

b.  Pud   downy;   flowers  in   a  dense  raceme  D.  ajdeis 


A.  columbidnum 

A.  autumn  ale 


A.  lyeoctonum 
A.  napellus 


D.  formosum 


Brassicales        Mustard  Order 

Papaveraceae — Poppy  Family 

Herbs   with  colored    or    milky    sap;    sepals    2,   petals    4-12,    stamens    many,    ovary    l-celled,    fruit    a 
capsule;    flower    syncarpous,    apopetalous,    hypogynous,    regular. 

1.  Leaves    spiny 

2.  Leaves    not    spiny 

a.  Buds   drooping 

(1)  Flowers    5-15    cm.    wide;    sap   white 

(2)  Flowers    1-2  cm.  wide;   sap  yellow 

b.  Puds  erect  or  nearly   so 

(1)  Leaves   pinnatifid;   sap  saffron  Glaucium 

(2)  Leaves    dissected;    sap   colorless  Eschscholtzia 


Av  gem  one 


Papaver 
Chelidonium 


Argemone — Prickly  Poppy 

(Gr.    argemone,   a   kind  of  poppy) 

1.  Flowers  yellow;   leaves   spotted 

2.  Flowers  white ;   leaves   not   spotted 

Papaver — Poppy 

(Lat.    papaver,    poppy) 

1.  Stems   leafy 

a.  Leaves   oblong,    toothed,   smooth   and   glaucous 

b.  Leaves    pinnatifid,    bristly,    green 

(1)  Plant    1    m.  high;  flowers   1-2  dm.  wide 

(2)  Plant    l/z    m.   high ;    flowers    J/£    dm.   wide 

2.  Stems   leafless 

a.  Leaf    divisions    entire    or    somewhat    cleft;    capsule    roundish 

b.  Leaf    divisions    finely    cut;    capsule    club-shaped 

Chelidonium — Celandine 

(Gr.   chelidonion,  swallow) 
Leaves    pinnate   or    twice    pinnatifid  ;    flowers   yellow 

Glaucium — Horned  Poppy 

(Gr.    glaucion,    the   juice   of   the   horned    poppy) 
Leaves  pinnatifid;    flowers   yellow;    pod   beaked 

Eschscholtzia — California  Poppy 

(Named    for   the   collector,    Eschscholtz) 
Leaves    dissected;    flowers   orange-yellow 


A.  mexicana 

A.   intermedia 


P.  somniferum:   opium  p. 

P.  orientdle:    oriental    p. 
P.  rhoeas:  corn  p. 
Shirley   p. 

P.  nudicaule:   Iceland   p. 

P.   dlpinum:   alpine  p. 


C.  nidjus 


G.  luteum 


E.  californica 


Capparidaceae — Caper   Family 
Herbs    with    compound  als    4.    petals  4,  stamens  6-12,  ovary  2-celled,  flower  syncarpous, 

apopetalous,  hypogynous,   regular. 

1.  Flowers    pink;    stamens    6  Cleome 

2.  Flowers  yellowish;   stamens  10-12  Polanisia 


BRASSICACI 

me     t  ileome,  R 

Leaves  of  3  leaflets;   flower  pink;   ovary  (talked 

Polanisia     Pol 

(Gr.  poiys,  man-,,  anisos.  unequal;  Improperly  formed, 
Leaves  of  3  leaflets;   flowers  yellowish;  ovai 

Brassicaceae — Mustard   Family 

Herbs;    sepals    4.    petals    ■».    stamens    6    or    4,    2    ihort 
syncarpous,    apopetalous,    hypogynous,    usually    regular. 

1.  1'od   globose,    rounded    or    triangular 

a.  Po 

b.  Tod    round    ami    Hat 

(1)  Flowers    tiny,    whitish    <>r    ^ r<<n i -,li 

(2)  flowers   larger,  white  or  purple,  two  petals   I 

C.    Pod    triangular 

2.  Pod    oblong    to    linear 

a.  Pod     remaining    closed    "lien     ripe 

b.  Pod   opening  by    two    valves    when    ripe' 

(1)  Pod    beaked    at    the    lip 

(2)  Pod    not    beaked    at    the    tip 
\.    Seeds    in    one    row    in    each    cell;    flowers    usually    pir 
y.  Seeds  in   two  rows  in  each  cell;   flowers  yellow  or  - 

(x)    Pods    awl-shaped 

(v)    Pods   oblong   to   almost    round 

\1\  ssum   -Sweet  Alyssum 

(Gr,    alyssos,   curing    madness,    probably   from 

Leaves  lanceolate  or   linear;    flowers   white,    fragrant 


Lepidium    -I 'epper  g 

I'  }r.    lepldion,   Hit  ■ 

1.  Flowers   greenish;    petals  lacking 

2.  Flowers    white;    petals    present 

[beris     Candytuft 

i  From  li"!.  ■ 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear;  flowers  purplish 

Bursa     Shepherd's  Purse 

I  I. at.    bursa,    purs.-.    ref<  ITlng    I 
leu    entire   on    the    stem;    flowers    white 

Brassica     Cabbage,  Must 

(  [.it     br.issu  .i 

1.  Cultivated 
a.   Leaves  smooth,  glaucous;  flowers  pah-  yellow 
1..   Leaves   hairy,  green;   flowers  brighter  yellow 

2.  Weeds 
a.  Pod  2'  .■  S  em.  long,  beak   <>  1 5   mm.   long 
1,.  Pod   I  2'  _.  em.  long,  beak   2  10  mm.  long 

|      Beak    2  4   mm.   long 
:     Beak  8  10  mm 


Raphanus     Ra 

Kir.     rha.    Quick,     phanos.    alM- 

1.  Cultivated;   flowers   pink    to   wl 

2.  Weed;    flowers   yellow,   then   white; 


4  POLYGALACEAE— CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

Matthiola — Stock.  Gillifiower 
(Named    Cor    the    Italian    botanist,    Matthioli) 
1.   Stem    herbaceous;     annual  <}I-   "!1'!ua 

ennial  M.  incdna 

Sisymbrium — Hedge   Mustard 
(Gr.   name  of  some   mustard) 

1.  Pod    1-2  cm.   long;   flowers  yellow  $■  officinale 

2.  Pod  6-10  cm.  long;   flowers  cream-colored  S.  altissimum 

Nasturtium — Cress,  Horseradish 

il.at.     nasturtium,    cress,     from    nasus    tortus,    due    to    its    pungency) 

1.  Cultivated ;    flowers   white 

a.  Aquatic;    leaves    pinnate  -v-  officinale:  zoaler  cress 

b.  Terrestrial;    leaves    large,    simple,    crenate  N.  armor dcia:   horse- 

radish 

2.  Native  ;   flow  ers  yellow 

a.  Stems    spreading,    1-2    dm.    high  -V.  sinudtum 

b.  Stems   erect,   3-8    dm.    high  N.  pahislre 

Polygalaceae — Milkwort  Family 

Herbs   with   entire    leaves;    sepals    5,   2   larger,   petals   3,  somewhat    united,  stamens   8,    ovary  2-celled, 
fruit    a    capsule;    flower    syncarpous,    slightly    sympetalous   hypogynous,   somewhat  zygomorphic. 

Polvgala — Milkwort 

(Gr.    polys,    much,    gala,   milk,    from  its   supposed   virtue  in   increasing  the  flow   of  milk) 
Leaves    linear,    whorled ;    flowers    whitish  P.  verticilldta 

Resedaceae — Mignonette   Family 
Low    herbs,    with    simple    entire    or    lobed    leaves;    sepals   4-7,    petals    4-7,    irregular,    stamens    10-40, 
ovary    1-ce'led,  of  3-6-carpels,   fruit   a   capsule;    ilower  syncarpous,  apopetalous,  hypogynous,  zygomorphic. 

Reseda— Mignonette 

(I.at.     reseda,    a    medicinal    plant,    from    resedare,    to    allay) 
Leaves    oblong,    entire    or    3-lobed ;    flowers    greenish,    fragrant  R.  odordta 

Violaceae — Violet   Family 
Low    herbs,    with    simple    entire    to    deeply    cut    leaves;    sepals     5,    petals    5,     1    spurred,    stamens    5, 
ovary    l-celled,  carpels  3,    fruit    a   capsule;    flower   syncarpous,    apopetalous,    hypogynous,    zygomorphic. 

Viola— Violet,  Pansy,  Heart's-ease 

(Lat.    viola,   violet) 

1.  Flowering   stems    leafy;    stipules   large 

a.  Spur    short,    blunt 

(1)  Flowers   large,    3-5   cm.   wide  V.  tricolor:   pansy 

(2)  Flowers    small,    1-2   cm.    wide  V.  arvensis:    field    p. 

b.  Spur  long,  acute  V.  cornuta 

2.  Flowering    stems    leafless;     stipules    lacking 

a.  Lobes    of   the    leaf   broad,   especially    the    middle   one  V.  pahndta 

b.  Lobes    narrow,    linear  V.   peddta 

Caryophyllales        Pink  Order 

Caryophyllaceae — Pink   Family 

Herbs    with    opposite   entire   leaves;    sepals   4-5,   petals  4-5,  rarely  none,  stamens  4-10,  ovary   l-celled, 
rarely    2-5  celled,    styles    2-5,    fruit    a    capsule;    flower    syncarpous,    apopetalous,   hypogynous,    regular. 
1.   Sepals    united 
a.    Styles     2 

(1)  Calyx    with   scales   at    base  Dianthus 

(2)  Calyx    without    basal    scales 

(a)    Calyx    pyramidal,    the    angles    winged    in    fruit  raccaria 


CARYOPHYLLAC] 

.    oblong   or    bell  shaped 
\.  Calyx    oblong  ;    flow<  i 


y.  I  alj  \   bell  shaped  ;   Bowers   tiny 
b.  Styles   3  S 
(  1  )   Styles  3 
(2)   Styles   A  5 
2.  Sepals    nol    united 

a.  Styles    3  4 

b.  Styles   5 

I  Hanthus     Pink,  (  a  mat  ion 

(Gr.    d.o-,   of  Juplt<  r,    antho*.    • 
1.  Flowers  in   a  Sat  topped  cluster  ;   pi  tals   toothed 


2.   Flowers  single  or  but  2-3  in  a  cluster 

a.  Petals   cut-fringed 

b.  Petals    merely    tooth  d 

(1)    Flowers   3-5   cm.   wide,   usually   double 


(2)    Flowers    1  2  cm.  wide,  single 

Vaccaria     \  accaria,  I  ■■  ■■   Pink 

I  I. .at.    vacca.    cow;    of    doubtful    a  | 
Leaves   lanceolate,   clasping;    flowers    pink 

Saponaria — Bouncing  Bet,  Soa] 

(Lat.   snpo,   Boap,    from    I 
Leaves   ovate    to    lanceolate;    flowers    pinkish 

( iypsophila     I  rypsophila 

(I  !r.    gypsos,    chalk,    ph'ilos,    li 

1.  Stems  3  dm.   high,    annual;    flowers   6-8    mm. 

2.  Stems   6-10   dm.   high,    perennial;    flowers   2-3    mm. 

Silene    -(  atchfl) .  ( tampion 

(Probably   from    Gr.    siaios,  saliva,    from    I 

1.  Plant    more    or    less    sticky 

a.   I'lant     very    sticky    and    hairy;    night-flowering 

1).    Plant    sticky    near    the    joints,    nol    hair)  ring 

(1)  Leaves    lance-linear;    flowers    small,    panicled 

(2)  Leaves   lance-ovate,   glaucous;    flowers   show)    in   cyi 

2.  Plant    not    sticky;    calyx    bladdery;    petals    white 

I  .ychnis     <  lorn  cockle,  Raggi  tl  Robin 

(Gr.    lychnos.    lamp,    f i om    i 

1.  Sepal   loins  long  and   leaf  like 

2.  Sepal   lobes   nol    leaf  like 

a.  I'lant    white-cottony 

b.  Plant    not    \\  hite  cottony 

(1)  Petals    heart  shaped 

(2)  Petals  deeply  lobed 

'i  tals    2  lobed 
x.   Flower  red,  perfe<  I 
y.   Flower    white,   dioecious 
(b)    Petals   -1  lobed  ;    flower    oft< 

Stellaria 

(Lai       stellar      i 

Leaves   oblong   to  n\  ate  ;   petals  2  clef! 


6  PORTULACACEAE— AMARANTACEAE 

Cerastium — Chickweed 

(Gr.  kerastion,  little    horn,  from  the  form   of  the  pod) 
Leaves  ovate,  soft-hairy;  petals  shorter  than  calyx  C.  vulgdtum 

Portulacaceae — Purslane   Family 
Fleshy    herbs;    sepals    2,   rarely    5,    petals   4-?,   stamens    4-30,    ovary    1-celled,    style    usually    3-cleft; 
■:  arpous,   apopetalous,    hypogynous,    somewhat  irregular. 

Portulaca — Purslane,  Moss  Rose 

<L.at.    portulaca,    purslane) 

1.  Leaves    flat,    wedge-shaped;    flowers    5-6    mm.    wide,    yellow  P.  olerdcea 

2.  Leaves    round,    linear;    flowers    3-5    cm.,    many-colored  P.  grandifldra 

Mollugaceae — Carpetweed   Family 

Low  herbs  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves;  sepals  5,  petals  0,  stamens  3,  5  or  more,  ovary  3-5- 
celled,  stigmas   3,   fruit   a   capsule  ;    flower   syncarpous,   apetalous,  hypogynous,  regular. 

.\  I  ollugo — Carpetweed 

(Lat.    mollis,   soft,   from    its  carpet-like   nature) 
Leaves    spatulate,    whorled;    sepals    white    inside  M.  verticilldta 

Amarantaceae — Amaranth  Family 

Herbs  with  simple  leaves;  sepals  5,  rarely  3,  petals  0,  stamens  5,  rarely  fewer,  pistil  1-celled, 
stigmas  2-3,  fruit  a  utricle;  flower  syncarpous,  apetalous,  sometimes  monoecious  or  dioecious,  hy- 
pogynous,  regular. 

1.  Leaves    alternate 

a.  Bracts   greenish  ;    flowers    imperfect 

(1)  Pistillate    flowers    with    calyx  Amarantus 

(2)  Pistillate    flowers    without    calyx  Acnida 

b.  Bracts   colored  ;    flowers   perfect  Celosia 

2.  Leaves    opposite 

a.  Flower  cluster   a  dense   terminal  head  Gomphrena 

b.  Flowers   in   small  terminal   and   axillary  clusters 

(1)  Leaves    lanceolate    to    spatulate;    stamens    5,    staminoids    5  Telanihera 

(2)  Leaves   broad  ovate    or   orbicular;    stamens   5  Iresine 

Amarantus — Amaranth 

(Gr.  amarantos,  unfading,  from  the  papery  bracts) 

1.  Flowers   in    dense   terminal   clusters 

a.  Spikes     red,    drooping  A.  cauddtus:    prince's 

feather 

b.  Spikes  green,  erect 

(1)  Spikes  8-16  mm.  thick  A.  retroflexus:     pigweed 

(2)  Spikes    4-6    mm.    thick  A.  hybridus 

2.  Flowers    in    small    axillary    clusters 

a.  Frect,   bushy;    sepals    3  A.  graecizans 

b.  Prostrate,    spreading;    sepals  4  5  A.  bliloidcs 

Acnicla — Water-hemp 

(Gr.  a-,  without,  knide,  nettle,  the  bracts  not  spiny) 
Leaves  lanceolate,  entire;  flowers   green  A.  iamariscina 

Celosia — Cockscomb 

(Gr.     kelos,    bin  nine:,    dry,     from    the    color    or    texture    of    the    flowers) 
1.   Spikes   comb-like  C.  cristdta 

kes   plumy    to   cylindric  C.  argeniea 

Gomphrena — Globe  Amaranth,  Everlasting 

(Of  doubtful   origin    and   meaning) 
Leaves   oblong,   sessile ;    heads   round,    crimson    to    white  G.  globdsa 


CHENOPODIACEAE— POLYGONAI 

Telanthera      1 1  lantl 

(Gr.    telos.    end,    anther.,. 

lam  eolate  to  spatulate,  varit  ol 

[resine     I- 

(Gr.   eiresione,  a    « n  ath,   wound 
Leaves   oval  lyx    woolly 

Chenopodiaceae— Goosefoot    Family 
Herbs   with   simple   fleshy   li  aves;   sepals    ; 
celled,    stigmas    2-4,    fruit    an    achene    or    ati 
li\  pog)  nous,  regular. 

1.  Cultivated 

a.  Flowers    | 

(1)  I  eav<  s   large,   oblong  oy  ate 

(2)  Leaves    small,    linear 

b.  Flowers   dioecious 

2.  \\. 

a.  Leaves    flat,    usually    lobed 

b.  Leaves   awl  shaped,    pi  ii  klj 

Beta— Beet,  Mangel  Wurzel 

(Lat.    beta. 
Leaves   long  ovate,  large;    root   globose  to  conical 

Kochia     Mock  Cy]  i 

(Named   for  the  German  botai 

Leaves   linear,   ciliate,   5-8   cm.    long;    plant   pyramidal 

Spinacia     Spinach 

(Lat.   spina,   spin*  . 
Leaves  ovate  to  deltoid;   flowers  d ious,  axillary 

Chenopodium — <  io<  sefi  tot,  I .. 

(Gr.    chen.    goose,    podkm,    little    f'  ot,    fn 

1.  Leaves  mealy,  pale,  lanceolate  to  ovate;  edible 

2.  Leaves    smooth,    green,   cordate,    angle-toothed;    unj 

Sals<  li     Russian  Thistle 

(Lat.   salsus,   salty,    -ola,    little,    fron 
Leaves   awl-shaped,   prickly;   bracts   spiny,   calyx    n 

Polygonaceae — Buckwheat    Family 
Herbs   with  entire    leaves   and    papery   sheathing  sripuli 
ovary    1-celled,    stigmas    2-3,    fruit    an    achene;    Bowei 
pogynous,   regular. 

1.  Calyx   of  4  5    sepals,  often    petal  like 

a.  Leaves   halberd-    or   arrow  shaped;    flowers    w 

b.  Leaves   linear   to  ovate;   flowers   greenish    to    ; 

2.  Calyx  of  6  sepals,   usually  of  2  kinds 

a.  Leaves   rounded,  4-8  dm.   wide,   with   edible   stalks 

b.  Leaves    oblong    to    arrow  shaj    d,    small    to    mi 

Buckwheat 

Stamens  s,  styles  3;  achene  triangular 

Polygonum     Knotw< 

(Gr.  polys,  many,  genu.  knee,  from  I 
1.  Flowers  single   or  clustered   in   the  ax 

a.  ( lultivated  ;   2  4   m.  high  ;   li 

b.  Native ;   less  than    1    m.  high 

(1)    Low,   spreading,    1  2    dm.   high 


ALLIONIACEAE— MALVACEAE 


(2)    Tall,  erect,  5-10  dm.  high 
2.  Flowers     in    terminal    clusters 

a.  Leaves    lance-shaped    to    ovate 

(1)  Leaves  dotted   and  sharp   to   the    taste 

(2)  Leaves    neither    dotted    nor    sharp 

Ices    nodding 
(x)    1.  :    flowers    pink;    stamens   7 

(v)    Leaves  long  lanceolate;    flowers    flesh-colored;   stamens   6 
y.   Spikes   erect 

lowers    bright    pink;    stamens    8 
(y)    Flowers   greenish-pink  ;   stamens  6 

1  low  ers   white 

b.  Leaves    heart-shaped    or    arrow-shaped;     twining    or    climbing 
(1)    Calyx    winged    in    fruit 


(2)    Calyx   not    winged 


arrow-shaped,    sour 


Rumex — Dock,  Sorrel 

<I, at.    rumex,    sorrel) 


P.  tenue 


•piper:    smart- 
weed 


P.  orientate:    prince's    ■ 

feather 
P.  lapathifolium 

P.  pennsilvdnicunt 
P.  persicdria:    lady's 
thumb 

P.  bistort  a:   bistorla 

P.  scdndens:    climbing 

buckwheat 
P.  convolvulus:  bindweed 


R.  acetosella:    sheep 
sorrel 

R.  crispus:   dock 

R.  obtusifolius:  dock 


R.  rhaponlicum 


2.  Leaves    lance-oblong,    somewhat    bitter 

a.  Leaves   curled   at  edges ;   valves   of  flower   grain-bearing 

b.  Leaves  hardly  curled;  usually  1  valve  grain-bearing 

Rheum — Rhubarb,  Pie-plant 

(Gr.    rheon,   name    of   a  medicinal   plant) 
Leaves   large,   rounded,  petiole   fleshy,   sour ;    flowers   white 

Allioniaceae — Four   O'Clock  Family 
Herbs   with   simple   leaves;    sepals    5,    united   into    a    bright    corolla-like    tube,   petals   0,    stamens   3-5, 
ovary     1 -celled,     fruit     1-seeded,    achene-like,    enclosed    in    the    base    of    the    calyx;    flower    syncarpous, 
synsepalous,     apetalous,     apparently    epigynous,    usually    regular. 

1.  Flowers  many  in  an  involucre  of  5  separate  bracts  Abronia 

2.  Flowers   few  in   a  5-lobed   involucre;    stamens  3  Allionia 

3.  Flowers  single  in   a   5-parted  involucre;  stamens   5  Mirabilis 


Abronia — Abronia 

(Gr.    abros,    pretty,    which    the    flowers    are) 

1.  Stems    prostrate;    flowers    day-blooming,    rose-purple 

2.  Stems   ascending;    flowers   night-blooming,  white 

Allionia — Wild  Four  O'Clock 

( Named  for  the  Italian  botanist,   Allioni) 

1.  Leaves    ovate,   petioled 

2.  Leaves   oblong,   lance-shaped   or   linear 

a.  Leaves  oblong  to  lance-shaped,  hairy 

b.  Leaves   linear,  smooth 


A.   umbellata 
A.  frdgrans 


A.  nyctaginea 


A.  hirsuta 
A.  linearis 


Mirabilis— Four   O'Clock,   Marvel-of-Peru 

(Lat.     mirabilis,    wonderful,     from     the     beautiful    night-blooming    flowers) 
Leaves    ovate,    entire  ;    flowers    varicolored  M.  jaldpa 

Malvales        Mallow  Order 

Malvaceae — Mallow    Family 
Herbs   or    shrubs,    with    alternate,    simple,   often    lobed    leaves ;    sepals    5,    petals    5,    stamens    many, 
united    by    their    filaments,    ovaries   several   to    many,    separate   or    usually   united,   often    falling    away    as 
one-seeded  fruits,  or  the  fruit  a  capsule. 


MALVAC: 

1.  Anther.-,  clustered  at    I 

arating  in  fruit 

a.  Stigmas  linear 
'(1)   Cells    I 

(a)  Involu  ■ 

(b)  Involui  re  of    1-3   brai  t-.  or   la<  king 
x.  Involucre  ol    i   brai  I 

y.   Involui  re  ol    1-3  bi 
(2)   C\-1U   .^  several  se<  ded  ;    involui  r< 

b.  Stigmas  capitate;   flowers   yellow    i 

2.  Anther>   along   the   filament    tube;    fruit   a 
a.  Style    branches    <>r    stigmas    10 

Style-branches   or   stigmas  .•>  5 
(1)    Involucre    "I'    many    narrow    1"  a 
I  2  I    [nvolui  •  leaf-like  brai 

Uthaea     Marsh  Mallow,  I 

(Gr.    althaia,    mai 
-    2  4   cm.   wide,   rose,    in    axillary   clu 

2.  1  lowers  6-15  cm.  wide, 

Malva— Mallow, 

(Gr.     malache,     Lat.     malva, 

1.  Flowers  about  1  cm.  wide,  white  or  pale  blue,  carpels  about    15 

2.  Flowers  2-5  cm. 

a.  Leaves    with    shallow    lobes;    (lowers    red 

b.  Leaves  deeply   lobed;   (lowers  pink   to   white; 

(1)  Leaves    twice-lobed,    divisions    lini 

(2)  Leaves    once-lobed ;    carpels    smooth 


■ 

Callirrhoe     Callirrl 

(Gr.     kallirrhoe,     beautiful-flowing 

1.  Leaves   triangular-ovate,  somewhat   lobed;   flow 

2.  Leaves   round,  deeply   palmately    lobed;    flowers   red 

Abutilon — Velvet  Leaf 

(Aral 
Leaves    large,    velvety,    roui  wers    yellow 

.Malva  st  ruin — Red    Mall 

il.it.    malva,    mallow,    -astrum.     Ilki 
Leaves   palmate,   3-5-parted,   silvery-scurfy;    B 

Malvaviscu  —  Mai 

(Lat    malva,   mallow,   viscus,  g 
Leaves   heart-shaped;    flowi 

1  [ibiscus—  1  [ibiscus,  Ri  >s< 

hibiskos.    n 

1.  Shrub;  flowers  red  or  varicolored,  about   1   dm 

2.  Herbs 
a.  Low   coarsely   hairy    w<  : 


b.  Tall  smooth  or  downy  herbs 

(1)  Capsule 

(a)  Leaves  smooth  on  both  - 

(b)  Leaves   hairy   below  . 

(2)  «  .  and  pod  lik<  . 


I0  MORACEAE— GERANIACEAE 

Gossypium — Cotton 

i  Name    from    the    Arabic) 
Leaves   5-lobed ;   flowers  yellow,  purple   inside   at  base  G .  herbdeeum 

Moraceae — Mulberry   Family 
Herbs    with   opposite    or    alternate   lobed    leaves  ;    sepals   5,   more    or   less   united,  petals  0,   stamens   5 
ovary    1-celled,    stigmas    2,    fruit    an    achene;    flower    syncarpous,    synsepalous,    apetalous,    dioecious,    hy- 
pogynous,    regular. 

1.  Tall   ereet  herb,  leaves  divided  to  the  base  into   5-11   lance-linear  divisions    Cannabis 

2.  Twining  herb  with  3-7  lobed   leaves;    fruit   cone-like  Humulus 

Cannabis — Hemp 

(Lat.    cannabis,    hemp) 
Plant    1-4    m.    bigh;    flowers    green,   in    axillary    spikes  C.  saliva 

Humulus — Hop 

(Lat.    humus,    ground,     -ulus,    little,    perhaps    from    its    clambering    habit) 
Leaves    rough,    ovate    in    outline ;    fruit    clusters   3-8    cm.   long  //.  hipulus 

Urticaceae — Nettle   Family 
Herbs    with    opposite    or    alternate    leaves,    sometimes    with    stinging    hairs;    sepals    3-5,    sometimes 
united,    petals   0,    stamens   3-4,   ovary    1-celled,    stigma    1,    fruit    an   achene;    flower   syncarpous,    apetalous, 
polygamous,    monoecious    or    dioecious,    hypogynous,   regular. 

1.  Leaves    opposite 

a.  Armed   with    stinging  hairs  Urtica 

b.  Smooth    and    without    stinging    hairs  Pilea 

2.  Leaves    alternate,    without    stinging    hairs  Parietaria 

Urtica— Nettle 

(Lat.  urtica,  nettle,  from  uro,  to   burn,  from   the  stinging  hairs) 

1.  Leaves    hairy,    heartshaped    at   base  U.  d'weca 

2.  Leaves   smooth   or   nearly   so,   round    at   base  U .  gracilis 

Pilea — Richweed,  Clearweed 

(Lat.    pileus,   cap,    from    the   cap-like    sepal    of    one    species) 
Stems  clear,   1-4  dm.   high;   leaves  ovate,  3-ribbed  P.  pumila 

Parietaria — Pellitory 

(Lat.    parietaria,    on   walls,    from    paries,    wall) 
Low    annual    herb;    leaves    lance-oblong  P.  pcnnsilvdnica 

Geraniales        Geranium  Order 

Geraniaceae — Geranium  Family 

Herbs,  or  some  shrubby,  with  simple  lobed  or  compound  leaves;  sepals  5,  petals  5,  stamens  5  or 
10,  ovary  5-celled,  stigmas  5,  fruit  separating  at  maturity  into  5  achene-like  parts;  flower  syncarpous, 
apopetalous,  hypogynous,  regular. 

1.  Leaves    entire    to    palmately    divided 

a.  Flowers   regular:    stamens    with    anthers    10  Geranium 

b.  Flowers    somewhat    irregular;    stamens    with    anthers    7-8  Pelargonium 

2.  Leaves   pinnate ;    stamens    with    anthers    5  Erodium 

Geranium — Crauesbill 

(Gr.    geranos,    crane,    referring    to    the    form    of    the    fruit) 

1.  Flowers    red  , 

a.  Flowers    1    cm.   wide;   leaves   3-parted  G  .robcrtianum:       herb 

Robert 

b.  Flowers  2-4  cm.  wide;  leaves   7-parted  G.  sanguineum 

2.  Flowers    blue   or   violet  G.  ibericum 

3.  Flowers    white    or    pink  <7.  Richards6nii 


OXALIDACEAE— TROPAEOLACBAE 

Pelargonium-  <  ieranium 

(Gr.     pelargos,     Bt< 

1.  Plant    trailing;   leaves  ivy-like,   petiole   attached   to  I 

2.  Plant    erect,   Dot    trailing 

a.  Leaves  with  shallow  lobes,  marked  with  a  lemicirculai 

fleshy 

b.  Leaves  distinctly  or  deeply  lobed,  usually  nol 
1  1  I    Leaves   rarely   lobed   to  the  middle,  fi  i| 

(2)    Leaves  lobed  beyond  the  middle,  often    to  I 
I  i      Lobes  oblong 
(b)    Lobes   linear 

Erodium— Storksbill 

(Gr.     erodios.    heron,     referring    to    tie-    form    ol 
Low,  spreading;   leaves    pinnate,   hairy;    flowers   pink 

Oxalidaceae — Oxalis    Family 
Low,   usually   stemless  herbs,    with   3-foliate    leavi 
ovarj    5-celled,  stigmas   ?,   fruit   a  capsule;    flower   syncarpous,  a 

<  Kalis-  -■<  Ixalis,  \\  0"  d  sorrel 

(Gr.    oxalis.    BOrrel,     from    oxys. 

1.  Native;    flowers    yellow,    5-10   mm.    wide 

2.  Cultivated;    flowers    varicolored,     10  25    mm.    wide 

a.  Stems   leafy;   leaflets   deeply   notched;    flowers   yellow 

b.  Stems   leafless;    leaflets    not   deeply   notched;    flowers 

(1)  Leaves  fleshy,   5-6  cm.   wide;   stem    from   bulbs 

(2)  Leaves   thin,  hairy,  3-4  cm.   wide;   stem    from   thick 

Balsaminaceac — Touch-me-not  Family 
Herbs   with  simple  alternate   leaves;   sepals  4.  one  of  them  spui 
ovary   5-celled,  stigma   1,   fruit   a  capsule   which   coils   elastically, 

apopetalous,   hypogynous,    irregular. 

Impatiens — Touch-me-not,  Bal 

(Lat.   impatiens,  Impatient,  hence   touch-i 

1.  Native;    flowers   pale-yellow   to   orange 

a.  Flowers  pale   yellow,   with   scattered   reddish 

b.  Flowers    orange,    densely    dotted    with    red-brown 

2.  Cultivated;    flowers    red    to    white,    varicolored 

a.  Flower   flat,   red;    spur   long,  narrow 

b.  Flower   cup-like,    vai  ften    double; 

Tropaeolaceae — Tropaeolum   Family 
Fleshy  herbs,  climbing  with   their  long  petiole-,   i 
shaped,   alternate;    sepals   5,   united   at   the 
3-celled,    stigma    1.    fruit    i  a<  hene  like 

hypogynous,    irregular. 

Tropaeolum— Tropaeolum,  N'asturtium,   1; 

(Gr.    tropaion.    Lat.    tropaeum, 

1.  Petals   large,  spreading 

a.  Leaves    entire    or    wavy 

(1)  Feat'    veins    ending    in     point-; 

(2)  Feat'    veins    not     pointed  ;    petals 

b.  Feaves  deeply  lobed;   flowers  brighl   yellow; 

2.  Petals    small,    pi 


LINACEAE— EUPHORBIACEAE 


Linaceae — Flax   Family 
Herbs   with    simple    alternate    entire    leaves;    sepals    5,    petals    5,   stamens    5,   ovary    5-celled,   styles    5, 
fruit  a   10-cellerl  capsule;  flower  syncarpous,  apopetalous,  hypogynous,   regular. 


1.  Flowers  blue 

oual;   sepals   ; 


Linum — Flax 

(Gr.   linon,  I. at.    linum,  flax) 


b.  Perennial ;   sepals  blunt 
2.  Flowers  red 


L.  usiiatissimum:    com- 
mon flax 
L.  perenne:   blue  flax 
L.  sanguineum:    red  flax 

Rutaceae — Rue  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with  compound  leaves,  sometimes  reduced  to  the  terminal  leaflet,  and  appear- 
ing simple;  sepals  4-?,  or  lacking,  petals  4-8,  stamens  4-60,  ovary  2-5-celled,  styles  1-5,  or  2-5  separate 
pistils;  fruit  various,  capsule,  samara,  drupe  or  berry;  flower  apocarpous  or  syncarpous,  apopetalous, 
perfect,  polygamous   or   dioecious,   hypogynous,   regular. 

1.  Flowers    greenish-yellow  ;    leaves  compound  Ruta 

2.  1  lowers   white,    fragrant;   leaves   of  one   leaflet  Citrus 


Bushy  herb,  woody   at  base 


Ruta— Rue 

(Lat.   ruta,  rue) 
leaflets  oblong   to  obovate,   dotted 


1.  Leaves    1 -foliate, 

2.  Leaves    3-foliate, 


evergreen 
deciduous 


Citrus — Orange.  Lemon,  Citron 

(Gr.  kitron,   the  citron  tree) 


Euphorbiaceae — Spurge  Family 


R.  graveolens 


C.  aurdntium 
C.  trifolidta 


Herbs  or  shrubs  usually  with  milky  juice  and  alternate  simple,  leaves ;  sepals  3-5,  somewhat  united, 
or  lacking,  petals  0,  or  rarely  5-6,  stamens  1-30,  ovary  3-lobed  or  3-celled,  stigmas  3-6,  fruit  a  3-celled 
capsule  ;  flower  syncarpous,  apetalous,  monoecious  ordioecious,  hypogynous.  In  the  genus  Euphorbia, 
a  cup-like  involucre,  resembling  a  calyx,  contains  1  pistillate  and  several-many  staminate  flowers  of 
1   stamen  each,  and  frequently  bears   1-4  brightly  colored  glancls  at  the  edge,  simulating  a   corolla. 

1.  Leaves  very  large,  3-6  dm.  wide,  7-11  cleft  Ricinus 

2.  Leaves  not   cleft 

a.  Calyx    present 

(1)  Staminate   flowers   with   8-16   stamens    and  no   petals  Acalypha 

(2)  Staminate   flowers    with    15-30    stamens    and    5-6    petals  Codiacum 

b.  Flowers    tiny,   many    in    a    calyx-like    involucre  Euphorbia 


Ricinus — Castor-bean,  Castor-oil  Plant 

(Lat.    name   of  the   castor  bean) 
Plant    1-4  m.  tall;   capsules  spiny 

Acalypha — Acalypha 

(Gr.    akalyphe,    nettle) 

1.  Flowers    in    red    spikes,    1-3    dm.   long 

2.  Flower    clusters    small    and    inconspicuous 

a.  Greenhouse    shrub    with   colored   leaves 

b.  Low  native   weed   with  green   leaves 


R.  con 


A.  hispid  a 


A.  tricolor 
A.  virginica 


Euphorbia — Spurge 

'<;.'•.    euphorbion,   name   of  a   resinous   plant) 

1.  Shrubs,   often   with    spines 

■  ioth    shrubs    with    the    upper    leaves    flower-like;    involucre    with     1 

yellow   gland  E.  pulcherrima :  poin- 

settia 
-    iny  shrubs  with  green  leaves;  involucre  with  2   red   petal-like   glands  E.  splcndeiis 

2.  Smooth  herbs 


PLUMBAGINACEAK— PRIM  U  LAC 

a.  St< 

( 1)    Upper  leavi  -   m  ;::: 

1 2  >    Le&\   -    scattered,  no1   whiti 

b.  Stems  prostrate,  or   1  3  dm.  high 

(1)  S 

I  hairy 

-   smooth 
Seeds   wrinkled   and    pith  d 
y.  Seeds    strongly    wrinkled,    i 

(2)  Si  .   2-3   dm.  high  ;   lr:, 

zed   i"! 

Shrub;    leaves   oval 

Primulales         Primrose  Order 

Plumbaginaceae— Leadwort    Family 
Herbs    or   woody    plants   with    entin 
5,  opposite  the  petals,  .vary    I -celled,  stigmas   5,   fruit  a  nti 
times  apopetalous,   hypogynous,    regular. 

1.  Stems    leafy;    corolla   with   a   long    tube 

2.  Sums    leafless;    corolla  of  nearly   or   quiti 

Pluml  Iwort 

(Lat.    plumbum,    !• 

1.  Shrubby,  climbing;    l(  liate;   Bowers   li^'lit   blue 

2.  Low   bushy   herb;    leaves    ciliate,    flowers    deep    blue 

Armeria-  -Thrift 

1 1. .it.  fm in  (.f  i 

Stems    tufted,    with    narrow    entire    leaves;    fli 

Primulaceae — Primrose  Family 

Herbs  with  simple  leavi 

1-celled,   stigma    1,   ca 
usually    regular. 

1.  Flowering    stems   leafless 

a.  Flowers    in    an    umbel,    erect 

b.  Flowers    single,    invert''  1 

2.  Flowering    stems    leafy 

a.  Flowers   yellow 

b.  Flowers   red,   blue   or   white 

Primula — Prii 

i  I. at,     primus,     spring, 

1.  Flowers   pink    to   pur] 

a.  Leaves    round  i 

b.  Leaves   spatulate,  no(    lob< 

2.  Flowers     yellow     to    red 

a.  Flowers    1-2   cm.   wide,    dr< 

b.  Flowers  2-4  cm.  wide;  corolla   limb  flat 

(1)  Leaves    thick,    ?  8    cm.    I 

(2)  Leaves  thinner,  1-2  dm. 

(a)  Flowers 

(b)  Flowers  on   It 


I4  PLANTAGINACEAE— CONVOLVULACEAE 

( "\  clamen — Cyclamen 

(Gr.    kyklaminos,    cyclamen,    from    kyk'los,   referring  to  the  coiled  flower  stalk  of  some  species) 
Flowering  stems  leafless,    from  a  large   conn  ;    flowers   varicolored  C.  persicum 

I  ,ysimachia — Loosestrife 

(Gr.    lysimachia,  loose-strife,   from     its    reputed    medical    properties) 
Stems  creeping;    the   leaves    round,   opposite,  with   single   yellow    ilowers   in    the 

ax;is  L.  nummuldria:    money- 

wort 

Anagallis — Pimpernel 

(Gr.    name    of    the    pimpernel,    from    agallomai,    to    delight) 

1.  Low   and   spreading;    leaves   ovate;    (lowers   4-6   mm.   wide  ./.  arvensis 

2.  Erect;   leaves   lance-linear;    ilowers    10-15   mm.   wide  A.  linifolia 

Plantaginaceae — Plantain  Family 

Low  herbs  with  parallel-veined  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  flowering  stems;  sepals  4,  united,  petals 
4.  united,  stamens  4,  rarely  2,  exserted  in  flowering,  ovary  2-celled,  stigma  1,  hairy  and  thread-likt, 
fruit  a  pyxis;   (lower   syncarpous,   sympetalous,  hypogynous,    regular. 

Plantago — Plantain 

(Lat.   planta,  sole,  perhaps  from  the  broad  flat  leaf) 

1.  Leaves   ovate 

a.  Pod   ovoid,   splitting   circularly  near   the   middle  P.  major 

b.  Pod    oblong,    splitting    near    the    base  P.  Rugelii 

2.  Leaves    lanceolate    to    linear 

a.  Leaves   lanceolate   to    oblong,  8-40  mm.   wide 

(1)  Leaves   lanceolate,   3-5-ribbed,    8-25    mm.   wide  P.  lanceoldta 

(2)  Leaves  oblong  to  spatulate,  5-9-ribbed,   15-40  mm.   wide  P.  eriopoda 

b.  Leaves   linear,  3-8    mm.  wide 

(1)  Leaves   silky-hairy;   bracts  little  longer   than    flowers  P.  Purshii 

(2)  Leaves    smooth   or   hairy  ;    bracts    several   times   longer    than    flowers    P.  aristdta 

Polemoniales       Phlox  Order 

Polemoniaceae — Phlox  Family 
Herbs   with    opposite   or    alternate,   simple   or   compound    leaves;    sepals    5,    united,    petals    5,    united, 
Stamens   5,  ovary   3-celled,  stigmas   3,   fruit   a   capsule;   flower  syncarpous,  sympetalous,  hypogynous,  reg- 
ular. 

1.  Climber;    leaves    pinnate ;    corolla    bell-shaped  Cobaea 

2.  Erect  herbs;   leaves  simple;   corolla  salver-form  Phlox 

Cobaea — Cobaea 

(Named  for  a  Mexican  priest,   Cobo) 
Leaves  ovate;   flower  greenish   or   purplish,   5-6   cm.  long  C.  scdndens 

Phlox — Phlox,  Sweet  William 

(Gr.    phlox,   flame,    from    the   brilliant   colors) 

1.  Plants    hairy 

a.   Perennial  ;    blooming   in    May,    and    sparsely    again    in    autumn  P.  divaricdta 

1).   Annual  ;   blooming  in   summer   and   autumn  .  P.  Drummondii 

2.  Plants   smooth,   perennial  P.  paniculdta 

Convolvulaceae — Morning   Glory  Family 

Twining  or  trailing  herbs,  with  simple  alternate  leaves,  or  leafless;  sepals  4-5,  usually  united, 
petals  4-5,  united,  stamens  4-5,  ovary  2-4-celled,  stigmas  2-3,  fruit  a  capsule;  flower  syncarpous, 
sympetalous,   hypogynous,    regular. 

1.  Stems    leafy,    green  ;    flowers    large 
a.  Stigma    capitate,    somewhat    lobed 

(1)    Leaves    pinnately    parted;    corolla    salver-form  Quamocllt 


SOLANACKAK 


(2)    Leaves   no!   pinnatcly-parted ;    corolla 
b.  Stigmas   2,   linear 
2.  Stems    leafli  or    y<  How  ,    • 

Quamoclil 

Leaf    segments    linear;    Sowers    single, 

[pomoea     Morning  i 

1.  Flowers   opening  in   the   morning 

a.  Corolla  funnel-form,  3-7  cm.  wid< 

(1)  Leaves   cordate-ovate,   entire;    stem   hairy 

(2)  Leaves   angled   to  di  i 

(a)  Plant     hairy 

(b)  Plant    smooth 

b.  Corolla   salver-form,    1  -2   cm.    wii  ellow 

2.  Flowers   opening  at   night;   corolla   white,    10  15    era 

I  !i  mvol  villus     Bindweed 

i  Lat.    convolve    to    tw  Ine,    fn 

1.  Corolla   white   to   rose;    wet 

a.  Calyx  enclosed   in   2   leafy   bracts;   Sowers   4  :    ■■  .   long 

b.  Calyx  without  leafy  bracts;   Sowers  2  cm.  long 

2.  Corolla  blue,  with   white    throat  and    yellow   tube;    bushy    hei 

Ciiscuta     I  li  idder 

■ 

1.  Sepals   separate 

a.  Styles  as  long  as   the   ovary 

b.  Styles   2-3   times   as  long  as   the   ovary 

2.  Sepals    united 

a.  Flowers    sessile 

b.  Flowers   stalked 


. 


Solanaceae — Potato    Family 

Herbs    or    shrubs,    with    alternate,    usually 
ovary    usually    2-celled,    sometime:  .    stigma    I, 

Sower    syncarpous,    sympetalous,    hypogynous,    regular  • 

1.  Shrub,  often  spiny,  with  green-purple  Bow< 

2.  Herbs 

a.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  cup-shaped,  mor< 

(1)  Calyx    bladdery,    inflated    in    fruit 

(2)  Calyx    not    bladdery 

(a)  Filaments   much    longer    than    ■ 

(b)  Filaments   not    longer,    usually    shorter    than    ;' 
x.  Anthers   united   at   tht    tip;   Bower   yellow 

y.   Anthers  not  united  :   fl 

b.  Corolla  tubular  to  funnel  form  or  salverform 

(1)  Fruit  spiny;   flowers  long   tubular,   solitary 

(2)  Fruit   not  spiny 

(a)  Fruit  a  purple  berrj  | 

(b)  Fruit    a   capsule 

x.  Calyx    enclosing    tht 

(x)   Calyx  with  a   spr<  ading   • 

(y)   Calyx  bell-shaped,  without 
y.  Calyx  nol  en<  It  sing   ': 


!6  solanaceae 

Lycium — Matrimony  Vine 

(Named    from    the    country    Lycia) 
Leaves  spatulate,  entire;  branches  trailing  L.  vulgare 

Physalis — <  rround    Cherry 

(Gr.   physall'is,  bubble,   from   the   inflated   calyx) 

1.  Fruiting    calyx    red  P-  alkekengi:  straw- 

berry, tomato 

2.  Fruiting  calyx   not  red  P.  heterophylla 

a.  Plant    glandular,  hairy 

b.  Plant    smooth    or    sparsely    hairy 

(1)    Corolla   dull    yellow    with    brown    center;    berry    yellowish  P.  lanceoldta 

I  '     Corolla    brighl    yellow    with    purple    center;    berry    purple  /'.  ixocdrpa 

I  apsicum — Red    Pepper,   Cayenne    Pepper,    Green    Pepper 

(Gr.     kapsis,    gulping    down,,    perhaps     from     its     pungency) 

1.  Annual   or    biennial  ;    fruit    oblong  linear   to    round  t.   annuutn 

2.  Perennial  ;    fruit    oblong-pointed   as   a  rule  C.  fruiescens 

Lycopersicum — Tomato 

(Gr.  lykos,   wolf,   persikon,  peach) 
Leaves    pinnate,   hairy,    strong-scented  ;    flowers    yellow  ;.  fruit    red    or   yellow       L.  esculentum 

Solatium — Potato,    Egg-plant,    Nightshade 

(Lat.    sola-,    solace,    perhaps    from   the  use  as  food  or  medicine) 

1.  Plant    prickly 

a.  Prickly   calyx    enclosing    the    dry    fruit  S.   rostrdlum:    buffalo  bur 

b.  Calyx   less  prickly,  or  smooth,  not  enclosing  the  berry 

(1)  Fruit   globose,  orange-yellow,  1-2  cm.  wide;  native  5.  carolinense:  horse 

nettle 

(2)  Fruit   various   in    form   and   color,   large,    J/2-2   dm.    long;   cultivated    S.  melongena:     egg-plant 

2.  Plant    not    prickly 

a.  Shrubby    house-plant    with   white    flowers    and    red    berries  S.  pseudo-capsicum: 

Jerusalem   cherry 

b.  Plant   not    shrubby 

\  1  i    Leaves    lobed    or    compound 

(a)  More    or    less    climbing,    many    of    the    leaves    3-lobed ;    flowers 

purple;  berry  red  S.  dulcamara:  bittersweet 

(b)  Erect   or   spreading;    berry   green 

x.   Leaves    pinnate;    cultivated    for   its   tubers  S.  tuberosum:    potato 
y.   Leaves   pinnatifid;  native  S.  trifiorum 
(2)    Leaves  not   lobed,   nearly   entire,    fruit   black,  edible;  wild,  and  cul- 
tivated   as    the    "wonderberry"  S.  nigrum:    nightshade 

Datura — Thorn-apple,   Stramonium,  Jimson  Weed 

(Name    from    the   Arabic) 

1.  Flower    white 

a.   Leaves   lobed  D.  stramonium 
ives  entire  or  merely  wavy 

(1)  Plant   smooth;   corolla   5-tOOthed  D.  cornucopia 

(2)  Plant    viscid,    hairy;    corolla    10-toothed  D.  meteloidcs 

2.  Flower   violet    or   lilac  D.  tdtula 

Atropa — Belladonna 

(Named    for    Atropos,    one   of   the   Fates) 
Leaves  ovate,   entire;   corolla   and   berry  purple  A.  belladonna 

I  [y<  iscyamus — Henbane 

(Gr.    "hyos."    hog,     kyamos,    bean) 
Leaves  clasping,  toothed,  clammy;   flowers   yellowish  //.  niger 


BORAGINACEAE— GENTIA'. 

• 

1.  Flowers  white,  at   least   within,  op 

2.  Flowers   usually   some    shade   ol    i 

a.  I  le,   dei  urrent  ;    Rowers   r<  d   01    pui 

b.  Leaves  stalked  ;   flowers   yellow  Ish   i 

Petunia     Petunia 

(Nativ< 
Leai  es   o^  ate,   hairy,   rtearl)    si    sile ;    flowers 

Boraginaceae — Borage   Family 
Herbs  with   simple  alternate   leaves,  often    rouj 
5,   ovary   4-celled    or    deeplj    4-lobed,    separating    at    matu 
syncarpous,   sympetalous,   hypogynous,   regular,   or   irregu 

1.  (  (vary    divided    into   4    parts 

a.  Corolla   regular 

(1)  Corolla  wheel-shaped,   tube  lacking 

(2)  Corolla    more    or    less    tubular,    with 

throat 

(a)  Flowers   blue    to   purple 

x.  Nutlets  bur  like,   with  hooked    prickles 
y.   Nutlets     smooth 

(b)  Flow  ers  j  ellow  ish   \\  hite 

b.  Corolla   irregular 

2.  Ovary  entire,   but   the   ripe   fruit   separating   into  2  or  4   i 

rago — -Borai 

i  Supposed    to    i»'    from    corago.    bi  ■ 
Leaves  oval  to  lance-oblong,  bristly;  flowers  blue  to  purple 

Cynoglossum — I  [oundsb  •• 

(Gr.     kynos,    dog,     gloss.i.     I 

Leaves  spatulate  to  lance-oblong,  downy,  flowers  red  purple 

Anchusa — Alkanet 

<  i  '.i      enchusa,    alkai 
:s  lance-ovate,   rou^'h :   flowers    lai 

nphytum-  I 

(Gr.    symphyton,    comfrey,    from    symphyo,    to   ui 
Leaves  lance-oblong,  soft-hairy,  decurrent 

I  [eli<  itropium — 1  [elii  >tr<  ipe 

(( ir     heliotropion,   a    plant 

1.  Corolla    tube    hardly    longer    than    the   calyx 

2.  Corolla  tube  twice  longer  than   the  calyx 

Gentianales         Gentian  Order 

Gentianaceae — Gentian   Family 
Herbs    with   opposite   simple    i  i 
4-5,    alternate    with    the    corolla    lobe  . 
capsule :    flower   syncarpous,   symj 

1.  Corolla    tubular,    blue :    flowi 

2.  Corolla  w  heel  shaped,  gr<  •  n  .   flov    i 

(  i(  nl 
(Nan 
I.  C  rol 
2  Corolla  lobes  not    frii  . 


[8 


APOCYNACEAE— SCROPHULARIACEAE 


Frasera — Frasera 

I  Named   for   the  botanist   Fraser) 
Corolla  4-parted,  with  4  fringed  nectaries 

Apocynaceae — Dogbane    Family 
Herbs    or    shrubs,    usually    with    milky    juice,    and    with    opposite    simple    leaves;    sepals    5,    united, 
mens    5,   ovaries    2,   the    styles    or  at  least  the  stigmas  united,   fruit  a   follicle;  flower 
apocarpous    sympetalous,   hypogynous,   regular. 

1.  Shrubs;   leaves    somewhat   whorled,    leathery 

2.  Herbs,  or  woody  at  base;  leaves   opposite 


F.  speciosa 


Nerium 

Vinca 


Nerium — Oleander,  Rose  Bay 

(Gr.    nerion,    oleander) 
Flowers    rose    to   white,    in    terminal   clusters 


i  i.at. 


Yinca — Periwinkle 

incio,  to  bind,  from  the  cord-like  stems) 


Leaves  oblong,   veiny,   shining;   flowers   salverform,   rose   to  white 


N.  oleander 


V.  rosea 


Scrophulariales        Snapdragon  Order 

Scrophulariaceae — Snapdragon  Family 

Herbs    with    mostly    simple    leaves;    sepals    united,    the   calyx    often    2-lipped,   petals    usually    5 
united    into    an    irregular    or    2-lipped    corolla,    rarely    4    and   regular,    stamens   4,    rarely    2 


2-celled,    stigma    1,    entire 
typically    irregular. 

1 


or    2-lobed,    fruit    a    capsule ; 


and 
flower 


syncarpous,    sympetalous, 


d 
or   5,  ovary 

hypogynous, 


Stamens,   or   the    anther-bearing   ones,    only    2 

a.  Corolla   2-lipped 

(1)  Leaves   opposite;    both   corolla    lips    sac-like 

(2)  Leaves    alternate ;    one    lip    slightly    sac-like 

b.  Corolla  not  2-lipped,  often  nearly  regular 

2.  Anther-bearing   stamens  4 

a.  Fifth   stamen   present  as   a   sterile    filament 

(1)  Corolla    strongly    2-lipped 

(a)  Corolla  wide  open;   sterile  filament  conspicuous 

(b)  Corolla   nearly   closed;    sterile    filament   shorter   than   others 

(2)  Corolla   not   2-lipped,   somewhat   irregular 

b.  Fifth   stamen    entirely   lacking 

(1)  Base  of  the  corolla  with  a   spur  or   sack 

(a)  Corolla  spurred 

(b)  Corolla  with   a  sack   at  base 

(2)  Corolla  without  spur  or  sack 

(a)  Corolla   salverform,   not   2-lipped 

(b)  Corolla  more  or  less  tubular   and  2-lipped 
x.  Climbing    by    coiling    leaf    stalks 
y.   Not    climbing 

(x)    Leaves   alternate;   flowers    terminal 
(y)    Leaves   opposite;    flowers    axillary 

m.  Calyx  2-lipped  ;  corolla  4-lobed 

n.    Calyx    S-toothed ;    corolla    2-lipped 

3.  Stamens  with    anthers   5,  corolla  wheel-shaped 

Calceolaria — Calceolaria 

I  I-.it.  calceolus,  slipper,  from  the  form  of  the  flower) 

1.  Leaves  simple;   flower  yellow,  with  red-orange  dots 

2.  Leaves   pinnate ;    flower   yellow 


Calceolaria 

Schizanihus 
V  eroniea 


Pentstemon 

Chelone 

Salpiglossis 


Linaria 

Antirrhinum 

Broiuallia 

Maurandia 

Digitalis 

Torenia 
Mi  mul  us 
Verbaseum 


C.  pendula 
C.  pinnata 


Petals  much  lobed, 


Schizanthus— Butterfly  Flower 

"Ir.    schizos,    split,    anthos,    flower,    from    the    lobed    petals) 
the  lower  sack-like,  varicolored 


S.  pinnata 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 

Veronica— Speedwell 

(Of  doubtful  origin  and  meaning) 

1.  Leaves  in  whorls;   flowers  white  to  blue,  in   terminal   spikes 

2.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate;  Sowers  blur,  axillary  C. 

Pentstemon — Pentstemon,  Beard  T<  i 

(Gr.  pente,   live,   stemon,  stamen,    froi 

1.  Flowers  pink  to  red,  narrow;  leaves  linear   to  lanceolate 

2.  Flowers  white  ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong 

Chelone— Turtle-head,  Balmony 

(Gr.    chelone,    turtle,    from    the    form    of    thi 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong;    flowers   white   to  pale  purple 

Salpiglossis — Garden  Trumpet 

(Gr.    salpingos,    trumpet,    glossa,    tonj 
Leaves  lanceolate,  entire  to  pinnatifid;   flowers  varicolored 

Linaria — Butter-and-Eggs 

1 1. at.   linum,   flax,    trom   the  resemblance) 

1.  Plant  creeping;   leaves   round;    flowers  blue 

2.  Plant   erect;    leaves    linear   or   lance-linear 

a.  Flowers   blue 

b.  Flowers   yellow 

Antirrhinum — Snapdragon 

(Gr.    anti-,    like,    rhinos,    noa  •.    from    I 

1.  Plant  erect;   leaves  linear  to  oblong 

a.  Flowers  3-5  cm.   long;   leaves   lanceolate  to  oblong 

b.  Flowers    1-2   cm.   long;    leaves  linear 

2.  Plant  climbing  by  coiling  petioles;  leaves  halberd-like 

Browallia-  Bn  iwallia 

i  Named   for  .t  Sw  • 
Leaves   ovate,  cuneate  or  rounded:    flowers   varicolored 

Maurandia — Maurandia 
i  Named   for  the   b  | 

Stem  and   leaves  smooth;   corolla  purple 

Digitalis     Foxglove 

(Lat.    digitalis,    flnger-llke,     from  I 

1.  Flowers    yellowish 

2.  Flowers   purple 

Torenia     Torenia 

i  Name. i    for   the    Swedish  botanist, 

1.  Corolla   yellow 

2.  Corolla  blue  to  white 

a.  Corolla  4-lobed 

b.  Corolla  2-lipped 


Mimulus     Monkey  Flow 

(Gr.    mlmos,    Lat,    mlmus.    comic  actor  fro 

1.  Flowers   yellow;    cultivated 

a.  Creeping,  hairy,  musl ol 

b.  Erect,   smooth 

2.  Flowers  red-purple;  native 


2o  ACANTHACEAE— BIGNONIACEAE 

Verbascum — Mullein 

i  I.at.   verbascum,   mullein) 

1.  Leaves    woolly,    white    to   gray  , 

a.  Leaves    densely    woolly,    decurrent    on    the    stem  '  .  thdpsus 

b.  Leaves  thinly  woolly,  not  decurrent  •    V.  lycknitis 

2.  Leaves  smooth,   green  /  -  blattdria 

Acanthaceae — Acanthus   Family 
Herbs   with   opposite   simple   leaves;    sepals    5,    united,    petals    ?,    united,    stamens    4    or    2,    ovary    2- 
.    stigmas    1    or   2.    fruit   a  capsule;    flower    syncarpous,  sympetalous,  hypogynous,  usually  irregular. 

1.  Leaves    pinnatifid;   corolla   of   one   3-lobed   lip  Acanthus 

2.  Leaves  arrow  shapi   1;  corolla   5-lobed,  nearly  regular  Thunbergia 

Acanthus — Acanthus 

akantha,     prickle,     from     the     prickly     leaves) 

1.  Leaves    spiny,    deeply    cut  A.  spindsus 

2.  Leaves  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  lobed  A.  mollis 

Thunbergia — Thunbergia 

More  or  less  climbing;  flowers  varicolored  T.  aid/a 

Gesneraceae — Gesnera  Family 

Herbs  with  simple  leaves;  sepals  5,  united,  petals  5,  united,  ovary  1-eelled  with  2  parietal 
placentae,  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed,  fruit  a  capsule;  flower  syncarpous,  sympetalous,  hypogynous, 
regular    or    irregular. 

1.  Stems   leafless 

a.  Stamens  4  Sinningia 

b.  Stamens,   at  least  the  anther-bearing,  2  Streptocarpus 

2.  Stems  leafy  Achimenes 

Sinningia — Gloxinia 

i  Named    for   the   botanist,    Sinning) 
Leaves    spatulate    to    rounded;    flowers    varicolored  S.  spcciosa 

Streptocarpus — Streptocarpus 

(Gr.    streptos,   twisted,    karpos,  fruit,    from    the   twisted   pods) 

1.  Leaf   single,  basal;   flowers   several   on   each   scape  .  S.  polydntha 

2.  Leaves  several   to  many  ;    flowers  usually  single  S.  Retzii 

Achimenes — Achimenes 

(Or.    acheimenes,   not   disturbed  by   winter,    i.    e.,    blooming    late) 

1.  flowers    violet    blue  A.  longifldra 

2.  Flowers  reddish  A.  grandi flora 

Bignoniaceae — Catalpa  Family 

Herbs,  or  woody  plants  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  sepals  united,  petals  5,  united  mostly 
-'  lipped  corolla,  stamens  4  or  2,  ovary  1-4-celled,  stigma  2-lobed;  fruit  a  capsule  or  silique ; 
syncarpous,     sympetalous,     hypogynous,    irregular. 

1.  Leaves   pinnate;    flowers   on   a   scape,   rose  Incarvillea 

2.  Leases   simple;   flowers   on    the    leafy   stem,  whitish  Martynia 

Incarvillea — Incarvillea 

(Named   for   [ncarville,   a   French   missionary) 

1.  Leaflets  entire   or   toothed 

a.  Leaflets   toothed   or  nearly   so  /.  dlgae 

b.  Leaflets   toothed   throughout  /.  Delavdyi 

2.  Leaflets    cleft  /.  variabilis 

Martynia — Unicorn    Plant 

(Named    for   the   English   botanist,    Martyn) 
Leaves   heart-shaped,   entire,    hairy;    flowers   whitish    to   lilac    or    yellowish  M.  proboscidca 


VERBENACEAK— I.AMIAi 


Lamialcs         Mini  (  )rdcr 

Verbenaceae— Verbena   Family 
Herbs    or    shrubs    with    simple    opposite    01     wl 
to   an    irregular   corolla,    stamens    •. 
<.r    dry    and    then    usuallj     separating    into    4    nul 
irregular. 

1.  Shrul's ;  corolla  4  lobed 

2.  I  lei  bs  ;  corolla   5  lobed  or  2  lipped 

a.  Calyx   2-lipped,  with  spiny   teeth;  corolla  2-lippi 

b.  Calyx  not  2-lipped  and  spin)  ;  corolla  irregularly  5  I 

Lantana     Lanl 

((  T  uncei  tain   oi  li 
Flowers  yellow,  then  orange  and   finally  reddish;  !■ 


Phryma — Lopseed 

unci  rtaln  origin  ai 

Leaves  ovate;  flowers  small,  in  a  loose  spike;   fruits  spiny 

Verbena — Verbena,  Vervain 

i  I  at.  verbena,  a  Bacred 

1.  Native   h  ei  ds 

a.  Plant   spreading;    bracts   longer   than   the   flo* 

b.  Plant   tall,  erect;   bra  than   the   flov 

(1)  Flowers    white;    spike    very    narrow 

(2)  Flowers    blue;    spike    broader 

(a)  Leaves    lanceolate,    somewhat    hairy 

(b)  Leaves   ovate,   very  hairy 

2.  Garden  plants,  extensively  hybridized   and  known   as 


Lamiaceae — Mint  Family 

Herbs,   mostly   aromatic,   usually    with    opposite    1 
5,    united,    usually    irregular,    st; 
1.  Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so 

a.  Calyx  5-toothed ;  corolla  4-cleft 

b.  Calyx  2-lipped  in   fruit;  corolla  5  cleft 
J.   Corolla  irregular,  usually  2-lipped 

a.  Stamens   2 

(1)  Herbs 

i  lowers  in    racemes   or   spikes;   calyj   2 
(b)    Flowers   in   heads;   calyx   5-toothed 

(2)  Shrubs 

b.  Stamens  4 

(1)  Calyx    2-lipped 

(a)  Calyx   cup  shaped,   lips   entire 

(b)  Calyx   lips   toothed 
x.  Flower   bra<  is   large,   round,  pur| 
y.    Flower    bra.  is    neither    round    nor 

1  orolla  apparentlj 
(v)   ('.nulla  i  leai  Ij    2-li] 
in.  ( lorolla  yellowish   to 
n.    Corolla   purple  or   blue 

(2)  l  \.U  k    mi r   less  equalb     : 

alyx    10-toothed  ;    li 
(b)   Calyx    4  S  toothed 

x.    Uppei    tooth   much    lai . 

(x)    Corolla   with    upper    lip    ; 


i 


LAMIACEAE 


m.   Leaves    green ;    filaments    separate 
n.    Leaves   colored;    filaments   united 
(y)    Corolla  with  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed 
in.    Native  herb;   leaves   lanceolate   to   ovate 
n.     Hoary  undershrub,  cultivated;   leaves  lance-linear 
qua!   in  size  or  nearly   so 
(x)    Calyx    swollen    in    fruit 
(y)    Calyx  not  swollen 

m.  Calyx  teeth  rigid,  spiny 
n.    Calyx    teeth    not    spiny 
(m)    Flowers   in   heads 
(n)     Flowers  not  in  heads 

r.   Stamens   projecting,  at  least   2  of  them 
(r)    Leaves   linear   to   oblong;   bracts    green 
(s)    Leaves  ovate;   bracts   purple 
s.  Stamens    not    projecting 

(r)    Lower  or  outer  stamens  shorter  than  the  inner 
h.  Anther    halves    parallel 
i.    Anther  halves  spreading 
(s)    Lower  or  outer  stamens  longer  than   the  inner 
h.   Upper   lip    of    the   corolla   flat,   erect 
i.    Upper    lip   hooded   or   concave 
(h)    Calyx    5-nerved 
(i)     Calyx    10-nerved 


Ocimutn 
Coleus 

Dracocephalum 

Lavandula 

Physostegia 

Leonurus 

Koellia 


Hyssopus 
Origanum 


Lopanthus 
Nepeta 

Satureia 

Lamium 
Stachys 


Mentha— Mint 

(Gr.   mintha,  Lat.   mentha,   mint) 

1.  Leaves  sessile 

2.  Leaves  petioled 

a.  Flowers  mostly  in  terminal  spikes 

(1)  Leaves  lanceolate 

(2)  Leaves  ovate 

b.  Flowers  in   axillary  whorls 


M.  spicdta:   spearmint 


M.  piperita:     peppermint 
M.  citrdta:  bergamol 
mint 

M.  canadensis:  wild  mint 


Perilla — Periila 

(From   the   native   name    in   India) 
Leaves  ovate,  bronze-purple,  fragrant ;   flowers   rose  or  whitish 


P.  crispa 


Salvia — Sage 

(Lat.   from  salvus,   well,   referring  to  its  medical  use) 

1.  Flowers  blue 

a.  Tall;  leaves  green;   flowers  large,  2-3  cm.  5.  aziirea:  blue  sage 

b.  Low;   leaves  white-woolly;   flowers   1-2   cm.  5.  officinalis:  garden  sage 

2.  Flowers  red 

a.  Floral   leaves  and   calyx    green  S.  fulgens 

b.  Floral   leaves    and   calyx   red  S.  splendens:  red  sage 


Monarda — Balm,  Horse-mint 

(Named  for  Monardez,  a  Spanish   writer  on  medical   plants) 

1.  Corolla   red  M.    did y ma:    Oswego   tea 

2.  Corolla  rose-purple   to   white  M.  fistulosa:  wild  berga- 

vwt 


Rosmarinus — Rosemary 

(Lat.    ros,   dew,    marinus,    of   the    sea) 
Shrub    with    evergreen   linear   leaves,   hoary   beneath;    flowers    blue 


R.  officinalis 


LAMIACi 

Scutellaria 

I  Lat   scutella,   Ral 

1.  leaves  sessile;   (lowers  2  S  cm.  long,  solitary 

2.  Leaves  petioled ;  flowers  6-8  mm.  long,  in   rac< 

Prunella     Heal  all,      ■ 

(<  'I    um  erta 
-  oblong   to   ovate;   bracts   round;    flowers    blue-pui 

Teucrium     •  iermai 

(Gr.     teucrion,    g<  rmander,     perhaps     nai    ■ 
Leaves  lance-ovate,  serrate;   flowers  purplish 

Melissa     Bee-balm 

(Gr.    melissa,    bee,    r<  ferrlng   t. 
Leaves  ovate,  crenate;   flowers   yellowish   or   white 

Thymus    -Thyme 

i  <  !r.    thymon,    thj  m<  .    fi 

1.  Creeping,  leaves   petioled;    flowers   axillary 

2.  Erect  ;   leaves  sessile;   flowers   in  terminal   s] 

Marrubium     I  [oarln  >und 

( I. at.    nam.-   from   the   l  tebr<  w   word 
Leaves  ovate-rounded,  crenate;   flowers  small,   white 

I  )raci  icephalum     I  Iragi  m-head 

(Gr.    drakon,   dragon,    kephaie. 
Leaves   lanceolate   to  oblong,   toothed;   flowers   light   blue 

Ocimum     Sweel    Basil 

dli-.     ocimon,    an     ai ■!)■      i    ■  ' :  -      I 

Leaves  ovate,  toothed;  flowers  bluish-white 

Coleus  — Fi  iliage-plant 

i '  Sr.    koleos,  sheath,   refei  rii  g 
Leaves  ovate,  toothed,  colored;   flowers   blue 

1  avandula — Lavender 

(I. at.    lavandus,   for   washing, 

Leaves     lame- linear  ;     flowers    blue 

Physostegia     I  Iragi  m-head 

Mir.    physa.    1. lad. I.e.    stege,    roof,    rel 

1.  Corolla   pale   purple   or   rose,   2.?  em.   long 

2.  Corolla    purple,    1-1 '  j   em.    long 

]  ,e<  murus     Motherwort 

.<  Jr.  leon.  lion,  cura,  tall,  •■•    i 
ely  cleft;  calyx  spin)  :   corolla  pink   t"   white 

Koellia     Mountain  Mint 
(Named    for   a    German    botanist,    K 
Leaves  lance-linear,  sessile;   flowers   wl 

1 1\  ssopus     II 

(Gr.    hyssopos,    a' 
Leaves   lance-linear,  entire:    flowers   blue 

(  Iriganui 

i 

1.  Leaves  broa  A   ovate;  bra<  t-  col(  n 

2.  Leaves  oblong  i  vrat(  ;   brai  ts    gn  •  i 


ROSACEAE 


/..  nepcloides 

L.  anisdtus 

L .  scroph  ularifolius 


X.  catdria 
N.  glechoma 


S.  kortinsis 


Lopanthus — Giant  Hyssop 

(Gr.    lophos,  crest,   anthos,   flower) 

1.  Corolla   yellowish;    calyx   nearly   equalling   corolla 

2.  I  lorolla  blue  or  purple 

a.  Leaves    white   beneath,   anise-scented 

b.  Leaves   green    beneath,  not   anise-scented 

Nepeta — Catnip,  Gill 

(Lat.    name   of  the   catnip) 

1.  Erect;    leaves   oblong;    flowers    whitish 

2.  Creeping;    leaves   round;    flowers   blue 

Satureia — Savory 

(Lat.    name   of   the   savory,   Gr.    satyrion) 
Leaves  oblong-linear;  flowers  small,  purplish 

Larriium — Dead-nettle,  Henbit 

(Gr.   lamia,  throat,  referring  to  the  gaping  corolla) 

1.  Corolla    red    or   purplish;   upper   leaves   sessile  L.  amplexicdule 

2.  Corolla   white;    leaves   petioled  L.  album 

Stachys— Hedge    Xettle 

(Gr.   stachys,   spike,  referring   to  the   flower   cluster) 

1.  Leaves    sessile    or    short-petioled  S.  palustris 

2.  Leaves    distinctly    petioled  S.  dspera 

Rosales        Rose  Order 

Rosaceae — Rose  Family 

Herbs  or  woody  plants,  with  alternate  leaves;  sepals  usually  5,  sometimes  4  or  apparently  twice 
the  number,  petals  usually  5,  stamens  4-many,  pistils  separate,  1-many,  or  2-5,  united,  fruit  various; 
flower   apocarpous   or   syncarpous,   apopetalous,    or   apetalous,  perigynous,   regular. 

1.  Flowers   large,    3-many   cm.    wide;    shrubs    with    pinnate    leaves  Rosa 

2.  Flowers    small    to    medium,    1-3    cm.    wide 

a.  Petals    present 

(1)  Flowers  yellow  to  red 

(a)  Styles  long  and  hairy,  persisting  on  the   fruit 

(b)  Styles    short,    inconspicuous 

(2)  Flowers    white    to   pink 

(a)  Herbs;    clusters    few-flowered 

(b)  Shrubs;    clusters    many-flowered 

b.  Petals    absent;    calyx    lobes    petal-like 


Gcnm 
Potentilla 

Frag  aria 

Spiraea 

Poterium 


Kosa — Rose 

(Lat.    rosa,    Gr.    rhodon,    rose) 
hick,  wrinkled;  stem  densely  prickly 


R.  riigosa 


.     Geum — Avens 

(Gr.    reuma,    taste,   perhaps   from  the  root) 
Stem   leaves  3-parted  ;   flowers  panicled,   red 


Potentilla — Potentilla,    Cinqfoil,    Five-finger 

a. at.     potens,    powerful,     from    reputed    medical    properties) 


1.  Shrubs;    leaflets    5-7,  hairy;    flowers    ll/2-3   cm.  wide 

2.  Herb-.;     flowers    ]A-\l/2    cm.    wide 

a.  Leaflets    5,   silvery    white   below;    plants   spreading 

b.  1  ry  on  both  sides,  not   silvery;   erect 

Fragaria — Strawberry 

(  Lat.   fragum,  strawberry) 

Leaves   thick,  hairy;    flower   stalks   shorter   than    the   leaves 


P.  jruiicosa 

P.  argentea 

P.  monspeliensis    norweg- 
ica 


F.  virginidna 


FAB AC K A K 


Spiraea     Spiraea,  M< 

(Gr.    spiraea,    meadowBwi 

1.  Flowers  white,   in   simple   umbels 

2.  Flowers   pink 

a.  Flowers   in    umbels   or  corymbs 

b.  Flowers  in  dense   pai 


* I  !r.   poterion, 
:  of  7-19  small  leaflets  ;  flowers  green 


Poterium     Burnel 

drinking  i  up    fi  im   I 
purplish,  in 


/'. 


Fabaceae — Pea  Family 

Herbs    <>r    woody    plants,    with    alternate    usuallj     com] 
petals  typically  5,  and  of  three  different   forms,  standard,  win,: 
Kss    similar,    star.. ens    5-many,    pistil    single,    simple,    fruil    tj 
flower   apocarpous,   apopetalous,    hypogynous,   irregular. 


1.  Leaves  compound 

a.  Leaflets  digitate  or  apparently  so,  2  IS 

(1)  Leaflets   _' 

(2)  Leaflets   more    than   3 

(3)  Leaflets  3 

(a)  Leaflets  toothed 

\.   Flowers   in  slender   racemes 
y.   Flowers    in    spikes    or    heads 

(x)    Flowers  blue   or  yellow 

(y)    Flowers  red   or  white 

(b)  Leaflets  entire 

x.   Fruit  a  legume;  mostly  climbers 

(x)   Calyx  5-toothed;   cultivated 

(y)    Calyx  4-tOOthed  ;  native 
y.  Fruit  a  loment  or  achene ;    i 

(x)    Fruit   a    1 -seeded   achene 

(y)    Fruit   a    loment    with    2-several 

b.  Leaflets    pinnate,   4  many,   or   when    fewer, 

(1)  Climbers  or   twiners,   usually    with   tendrils 

(a)  Leaves  odd-pinnate;   flowers  brown-purple 

(b)  Leaves    even-pinnate,    tendril-bearing    as    a    rub' 
x.   Style   bearded   down   one   face 

y.   Style  bearded  at   tip   only 

(2)  Erect   herbs;   tendrils   mere   remnants   when   pi 

(a)  Leaflets   4;    flower-   yellow;    culti 

(b)  Leaflets    5    or    more 

x.   Leaves   sensitive,  closing   and   di 
y.   Leaves  not  sensitive   to  touch 
(x)    Flowers  pea-like 

111.     Leaflets    2-14 

n.    Leaflets    15-21 

(v)    l'dowers  not  pea-like 
m.   Flowers   tiny,  4  6  n 
(m)    Stamens    5 
(n)     Stamens     10 
n.    Flowei  -   2  I   cm.   wide,   yell. 

2.  Leaves   simple;    flowers   yellow;    shrubby 


Lupinus— Lupine 

,    us, 
Leaflets    13-15,  lanceolate;   flowers   bin 


O.   H.   HILL.   LIBRARY 

North  Carolina  State  College 


26 


FABACEAE 


Melilotus — Sweet    Clover 

(Gr.     meli,    honey,     lotus,    clover,    from    the    fragrant    leaves) 


1.  Flowers  white;  stem  1-3  m.  tall;   leaflets  notched  at  tip 

2.  Flowers  yellow;  stem   'j-1  m.  tall;  leaflets  blunt 


MedicagG — Alfalfa,  Nonesuch 

..;,-.    medi'ke,    alfalfa,    Lat.    -ago,    like) 


1.   Flowers  blue;  perennial 


2.   1  Im»  ers  yellow  ;   annual 

a.  Leaves    oval   to  rounded;   pod   smooth,   black,    1-seeded 

b.  Leaves  cuneate,   spotted;   pod  spiny,  coiled,  several  seeded 


M.  alba 

M.   officinalis 


M.  sat  ha:  alfalfa, 

lucerne 

M.   liipulina:    non,  such 
71/.  maculdia:     spotted 
medic 


Trifolium — Clover.    Alsike 

(Lat.    tri-,    three,    folium,   leaf) 

1.  Heads  round  or  nearly  so 

a.  Flowers   red,  rarely  white 

b.  Flowers    white    to    pinkish 

(1)  Stems   erect  or  ascending,  3-6   dm.  high 

(2)  Stems  creeping,   1-2   dm.  high 

2.  Heads   oblong   to    cylindric 

a.  ILads  3-6  cm.  long;  red  corolla  exceeding  calyx 

b.  Heads  1-2  cm.  long;  whitish  corolla  shorter  than  calyx 

Phaseolus — Bean 

(Gr.   phaselus,  string-bean) 

1.  Flower  clusters  longer  than   the  leaf;   flowers  usually  red 

2.  Flower  clusters   shorter   than    the   leaf;    flowers   not   red 

a.  Flowers   greenish-white  ;   pod   broad  ;   seeds  flat 

b.  Flowers  white  to  purplish;  pod  narrow;  seeds  swollen 

( 1 )  Twining 

(2)  Bushy,   not    twining 


T.  pratense:   red  c. 

T.  hybridum:  alsike 
T.  re  pens:   -white    c: 

T.  incarndtum:     crimson 

c. 
T.  arvense:   rabbit-foot 


P.  multifldrus:    scarlet 
runner 

P.   lunatus:    lima    bean 

P.  vulgaris:    common 

kidney   b. 
P.  nanus :    bush    b. 


Falcata — Wild  Peanut 

(Lat.    falcatus,    sickle-like,  from    the    form   of   the   keel) 
Leaflets  ovate;  flowers  purplish  to  white;  pods  both  aerial  ami  subterranean         F.  comosa 


Lespedeza — Bush  Clover 

Named    for  Lespedez,   a   Spanish   governor  of   Florida) 


L.  capital  a 
L.  Sieboldii 


D.  gyrans 


1.  Flowers   in    heads,   creamy   or    white;   native 

2.  Flowers   in   racemes,  red-purple;  cultivated 

Desmodium— Tick-Trefoil,  Telegraph  Plant 

(Gr.    desmos,   bond,    chain,    from   the   loment) 
Leaflets   3;   end  leaflet   large,   lateral   ones   small,  moving  up  and   down 

Apios — Groundnut 

(Gr.    apios,   pear,  from  shape  of  the  tubers) 
Flowers  purple-brown,   fragrant;   stems  from  strings   of  starchy   tubers  A.  tuberosa 

Lathvrus — Sweet  Pea,   Everlasting  Pea 

(Gr.   lathyros,  a  kind  of  pulse) 

1.  Peduncles    2-4-flowered  ;    flowers    fragrant;    annual  L.  odordtus 

2.  Peduncles    many-flowered;    flowers    scentless;    perennial  L.   latifolius 


SAXIFRAGACEAE— CRASSULACH 

\  icia     \  eti  h, 

ll..t         V  I  C  I  .1  . 

1.  Climbing;  leaflets  20  24;  flowers  blue,  small,  refl 

2.  Erect;    flowers    large,   not    reflexed 

a.  Leaflets    10  14;    flowers   in    2'^.    purplish 

b.  Leaflets    2-6;    flowers    clustered,    white 

Arachis    -Peanut 

(Gr.   arakos. 
;  ts  4,  oblong;  flowers  yellow,  the  pod   forming  below 

Mimosa     Sensitive   I  'knit 

m  ;r.   mimos.  actor,   fron 
Leaves  digitate  on  the  common  petiole,  leaflets  many;   flowi 

( !( »r<  milla— ]  'urple   I 

'i  .it.  corona,  i  •  >•    n     -  Ilia, 
Leaflets    15-21  ;   flowers   pink   to   white,   in    head  like    uml 

I  'etalostemon — I  'rairii 

(Gr.    petalon,    petal,    stemon,    stamen,    from  the   pel 

Leaflets  5,  linear;  flowers  in  a  short   spike,  rose-purple 

1 >alea     I  >alea 

i  Nan 
Leaflets  15-40,  linear-oblong;   flowers  white  to  pink   in   an  o 

Cassia — Senna.   Partridge  Pea 

(Gr.   cassia,  a  spice-bearing 

Leaflets  20-30,   oblong;   flower   nearly    regular,    large,   yellow 

( lenista— (  ienista,    Whin 
i  Celtic,  meaning  little  hush) 
Leaves   lanceolate;    flowers    in   racemes,   small,   yellow 

Saxifragaceae — Saxifrage   Family 
Herbs  with  simple  or  compound  leaves;  sepals   1  ;. 
ovary  1-2-celled,  usually  2-beaked,  or  sometimes  thi 
or  an  achene ;  flower  typically  syncarpous  and  apopetalous,  hj 

1.  Leaves   simple 

a.  Stamens   4-5 

b.  Stamens  8-10 

2.  Leaves  3-ternate;   flowers   white,  in  panicles 

I  teuchera — Alum-i 

Leaves  rounded,  lobed ;  B 

Saxifi 

(Lat.    saxum.   rock,    franno.   to   brej 
Leaves   heart-shaped,   toothed,   with   long   runners;    flow    i 
small,   rose,  2   large,   white 


Astilbe      Vstilbe 

(Gr.    a-,    wltho  it,    st.ibc. 
i  oblong   to  lam  •■  ovate  :   flowers   small   in    a 

Crassulaceae— Stonecrop  Family 

Herbs   with    fleshy    leaves;    lis    I  ;. 

3  5.    separate    as    a    rule,    fruit    a    small    folli 

1.    Petals    se] 


2g  HAMAMELIDACEAE— ONAGRACEAE 

2.   Petals    united    at    the    very   base 

a.  Flower  in   5's  Cotyledon 

b.  Flower  in  4's  Bryophyllum 

Sedum — Stonecrop 

(Lat.    secleo,    to    sit,    from    the    habit    of    growing    on    walls    and    rocks) 

1.  Creeping;   leaves  4-6   mm.  long;    flowers   yellow  S.  acre:  wall  pepper 

2.  Erect;   leaves  2  ?  cm.  long;   flowers  pink  to  white  S.  telephium:    live-for- 

ever 

Cotyledon — Cotyledon 

(Gr.    kotyiedon,  "cup,    from   the  form   of   the   corolla) 
Leaves   basal,  wedge-shaped,  glaucous;  flowers  red  C.  orbiculdla 

Bryophyllum — Bryophyllum 

(Gr.   bryon,   bud,    phyllon,   leaf,    from'  the    buds    which    form    on    the    leaf) 
Leaves  ovate,  simple  or   ternate  ;   flowers  large,  greenish,  hanging  B.  calycinum 

Hamamelidaceae — Witch-Hazel  Family 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple  alternate  leaves;  sepals  4,  petals  4,  stamens  8,  4  more  or  less  im- 
perfect,  ovary    2-celled,  styles   2,   fruit    a   capsule;    flower    syncarpous,   apopetalous,   hypogynous,    regular. 

Hamamelis — Witch    Hazel 

(Gr.    hamamelis,    a   kind   of   tree) 
Tall    shrub    with    obovate    leaves;    flowers    yellow,    appearing    in    autumn    just 

before  leaf-fall  II.  virginica 

Sapindales        Maple  Order 

Sapindaceae — Soapberry  Family 
plants    or    climbing    herbs,    mostly    with    compound    leaves;    in    the    following    genus,    the    sepals 
are   4,   petals  4,   stamens   8,   ovary   3-celled,   styles   3,    fruit    a    bladdery    3-lobed    pod ;    flower    syncarpous, 
apopetalous,    hypogynous,    nearly    regular. 

Cardiospermum — Balloon- Vine,  Heart-Seed 

(Gr.    kardia,   heart,    sperma,   seed,  from  the  heart-shaped  seed  scale) 
Leaves    2-ternate,    alternate;    flower    clusters    with    hook-like    tendrils;    flowers 
white;    seed   with    a   heart-shaped   scale  C.  kalicdcabum 

Lythrales        Loosestrife  Order 

Lythraceae — Loosestrife  Family 

Herbs  with  simple  opposite  entire  leaves;  sepals  5-7,  united  into  a  tube  enclosing  the  ovary, 
petals  4-7  or  none,  stamens  4-14,  ovary  1-4-celled,  stigma  1,  sometimes  2-lobed,  fruit  a  capsule; 
flower    syncarpous,    apopetalous,    rarely    apetalous,    hypogynous,    regular,   or   somewhat    irregular. 

1.  Petals  present;   calyx  not  spurred  Lylhrum 

2.  Petals   absent;   calyx  spurred   at  base  Cuphea 

Lythrum — Loosestrife 

(Gr.   lythron,  blood,    from   the   color) 
Leaves  lanceolate;   flowers  with  6-7  pink  petals  L.  salicdria 

Cuphea — Cigar    Plant 

(Gr.    kuphos,     hump,    from    the    spur) 
Leaves  lance-ovate,   glossy;   flowers  bright  red  C.  platycentra 

Onagraceae — Evening-Primrose  Family 

Herbs  or  shrubs  witli  simple  leaves;  sepals  2-6,  united  and  grown  to  the  ovary,  petals  2-6, 
mostly  4,  stamens  2-12,  mostly  <S,  ovary  usually  2-4  celled,  stigma  one,  often  4-lobed  ;  fruit  a  capsule 
or   berry;    flower    syncarpous,    apopetalous,    epigynous,  regular,   rarely    irregular. 


CUCURBITAC1 

1.  Flowers   regular 

a.  Herbs;   i  alyx  n < * t  brightly  <  olored 

(1)   Seeds  hairy;    (lowers   :-purplc   in   a   li 

!  -    Seeds   nut   hairy  ;   flowers  yellow,  « hit 

b.  Shrubs  :   calj  \   bright  ading 

2.  Flowers  irregular;   petals  apparentlj    ;;   stamen    1 

Chamaenerium     Fin 

n;i-.  chamal-,  ground,  nenon,  : 
Leaves  lanceolate,  entire;  flowers  2  .'<,  cm.  wide 


(  lenothera     Evening    Primro  i 

(Gr.    oinotheras,    a    p]  int    «  hli 

1.  Flowers    yellow 

a.  <  lapsule    vt  inged 

(1)  Plan!    low,   almost    trailing;    leaves    petioled 

(2)  linn   erect,  3-10  dm.  high;   leaves  sessile 

b.  Capsule   4  angled,    not    w  inged 

(1)  Petals  about  2  cm.  long;  native 

(2)  Petals   3  7  cm.   long;   cultivated 

2.  Flowers    white    to    pink    or    red 

a.  Stemless 

(1)  Blooming  l>y  day 

(2)  Blooming   at    nightfall 

b.  Stemmed 

(1)  Flowers  white;  capsule   winged 

(2)  Flowers    rose    to    purple 

Fuchsia — Fuchsia 

i  Named   for   the  <  ierman  bota  • 

1.  Flowers    hanging 

a.  Tube  of  calyx  shorter  than  lobes 

b.  Tube  of  calyx  2  S   times  longer   than    th 

2.  Flowers  erect 

a.  Erect   shrub;   flowers  in   a  panicle 

b.  Trailing;    flowers    solitary 

Lopezia-    Lopezia 

(Named  \'"i  an  early  Spanish  naturi 
Leaves  lance-oblong  to  ovate;   flowers  rose,  5  <<  nun.  wide 


■' 


Cactales        Cactus  Order 

Cucurbitaceae — Gourd  Family 
Herbs,  usually  with  tendrils  and  alternate   lobed  leaves 
the    ovary,    petals    usually    5,    united,    stamens    usually   3, 
rarely    a    capsule    or    achene;     flower     syncarpous,    mom 

regular. 

1.  Flowers  large,  .i  l?  cm.  mostlj    yellow  or  yellowish 

a.  Staminate   flowers   solitary 

(1)  Flowers  white 

(2)  Flowers   yellow 

(a)  Flowers  bright   yellow,   I    ll-shaped ;   stigma  l< 

(b)  Flowers  pale  yellow,  shallow;  stigma  I 

b.  Staminate   flowers  clustered 

(  1 )   Tendrils   present  ;    fruit   3  6  dm. 
(2)   Tendrils   lacking;    fruil    I 

2.  Flowers  small.   '.  2  cm.,  white  or  greenish 
a.    Leaves   compound  ;    leaflets   3  7 


30  BEGONIACEAE— APIACEAE 

b.   Leaves  simple,  lobed 

(1)  Ovary   and    fruit    1-seeded  Sicyos 

(2)  Ovary  and  fruit   several-seeded  Micrampelis 

I  ,agenaria — Gourd,  Calabash 

(Lat.'lagena,   bottle,   from  the  fruit) 
Leaves  rounded;   the    fruit  club-  or  flask  shaped  L.  vulgaris 

Cucurbita — Pumpkin,  Squash 
t  l. at.  cucubita,  squash) 

1.  Leaves   lobed;    fruit   stalks    strongly    ridged  C.  pepo:   pumpkin 

2.  Leaves  not   lobed;    fruit   stalks  scarcely    ridged  C.  maxima:   squash 

Cucumis — Cucumber,     Muskmelon 

that,    cucumis,    cucumber) 

1.  Leaves    lobed  c-  sativa:  cucumber 

2.  Leaves    rounded,    not    lobed  C.  melo:   melon 

Luffa — Dishcloth  Gourd,  Vegetable  Sponge 

(The  Arabic   name) 
Leaves   round,    many  -lobed  ;    flowers    yellowish  L.  aegyptidca 

Ecballium — Squirting   Cucumber 

(Gr.    ekballo,    to    cast    out,    from    the    fruit) 
Leaves  ovate,  heart-shaped   at   base;    flowers  yellow  E.  elateri 


urn 


Cyclanthera — Cvclanthera 

(Gr.    kyklos,    circle,    anthera,    anther) 
oval,    toothed    or   lobed;    fruit   ovoid,    spiny  C.  dissecla 

Sicyos — Star  Cucumber 

(Gr.    sikyos,    cucumber) 
with    shallow    lobes;    fruits    yellowish,    spiny,    clustered  .S'.  anguldtus 

Micrampelis — Wild    Cucumber,  Alock  Apple 

(Gr.     mikros,     small,      ampelis,  vine,    from    the    climbing    habit) 
Leaves   deeply   3-7-lobed;   flowers   fragrant;   fruit  bladdery,  spiny  M.  lobdta 

Begoniaceae — Begonia  Family 

Herbs  with  alternate  simple  leaves;  sepals  2,  petals  2-5,  stamens  many,  ovary  2-4-celled,  styles 
2-4,  fruit  a  triangular  capsule;  flower  syncarpous,  monoecious,  apopetalous,  epigynous,  often  irreg- 
ular. 

Begonia — Begonia,  Elephant's  Ear 

(Named  for  Begon,  a  governor  of   Santo  Domingo) 
The    species    and    varieties    are    numerous    and    closely    related ;    see    Bailey's    Cyclopaedia   of    Horti- 
culture,    1  :143. 

Apiales        Parsley  Order 

Apiaceae — Carrot   Family 
Herbs,    with    alternate    mostly    compound    leaves;    sepals    united    and    completely    fused    with    the 
ovary,     the    calyx     usually     appearing    absent     as     a    consequence,    petals    5,    stamens    5,    ovary    2-celled, 
styles    2,    fruit    of    twin    achenes ;    flower    syncarpous,   apopetalous,  epigynous,   usually   regular,   the   flow- 
ers    typically    in     umbels. 

1.   Flowers    in    umbels;    leaves    not    prickly 
a.   Flowers  white  or  cream-colored 

(1)  Leaves    simple,   lobed,  2-4   dm.   wide;    umbels    1-2   dm.    wide  HeraeJum 

(2)  Leaves  compound 

(a)  Fruits    prickly  Daueus 

(b)  Fruits    smooth  Apium 


RUBIACKAK 


b.   Mowers    yellow,    yellowish    or 
(1)    Flowers  yellow 

(a)  Leaf    divisions    thread  like 

(b)  Leaf  ili\  isions   broad 


(2)    Flowers   yellowish   or   greenish 

(a)  Leaf  di\  isions  thread  like 

(b)  Leaf  divisions   wedge-shaped,   lobed 


2.   Flowers   in   heads 


I  teracleum     I  ■  <w    Parsnip 

(Gr.    Herakleios,    of    H( 
Tall,   1-3   m.  high;   leaves   verj    hairy 

Daucus     Carrot 

daukos.    cai 
Leaves  finely  cut;   fruiting  umbel  cup-shaped 

Apium     Celery 

i  Lat    apium,    pai 
Leaves  3-7-pinnately  divided;  umbels  small;  in  one  variety,  the  i 
like 

Foeniculum — Fennel 

I  Lat.    foenum,    ; 
Smooth,   1-2   m.   hi^'ti  ;    sweet    aromatic 

I  'astinaca — Parsnip 

(Lat.    pastus.    ; 1 1 

Leaflets  coarse,   toothed   or   lobed;   poisonous   when    wild 

Anethum— Dill 

i  ( tr.    anethon.   amson. 
Stem  smooth,  about    1    m.  high  ;   petals   falling  quickly 

( 'arum — Parsley 

(Gr.    karon,    carun 
Flowers    greenish;    cultivated 

Eryngium— Sea     I  folly 

(Gr.    eryngion,    nun.-    ..<'    a    | 

1.  Bracts   below    the   head   7-8 

2.  Bracts  below    the   head   10-20 

Rubiales         Madder  Order 

Rubiaceae — Madder  Family 
Herbs    or    shrubs    with    opposite    or    whorled    li 
ovary,  or  with  4-5    free   lobes,  petals  4  5   or  more 
a    2-seeded    capsule;    (lower    syncarpous,    sympetal 

1.  Leaves   whorled;    flowers    tiny,    4  part.-.  1 

2.  Leaves  opposite;   flowers  large 

a.  Flowers    solitary,    fragrant 

b.  1'  lowers  clusti  red  ;  i  orolla  -1  lobed 

Galium     I  '>l-<\-- 

(Gr.   galion,  bedstraw,   gala,   milk,   from  th< 
Leaves  lance-linear,  in  4"-~ ;  flowers  wb  ite,  in  a  pai 

( iardenia     I  lardenia,    I  ape 

i  Named    for   i  '■     Garden,   an    Am.  • 
Leaves   oblong,   bright    green;    flowers 

i  N  Lined   foi 
Leaves   opposite,   o\  ate  acuminati 


32  CAPRIFOLIACEAE— DIPSACEAE 

Caprifoliaceae — Honeysuckle  Family 
Shrubs    or    vines,    rarely    herbs,    with    mostly    simple    opposite    leaves ;    sepals    united,    more    or    less 
completely   fused   with   the   ovary,  petals   5,   united,   ovary  2-5  celled,  stigma  1-3,  fruit  a  capsule  or  berry; 
flower     syncarpous,     sympetalous,     epigynous,     regular    or    irregular. 

Lonicera — Honeysuckle 

(Named   fur   the   German  herbalist,    I.onitzer) 
Leaves    oblong,    united    in    pairs    above;    flowers    trumpet-like,    red    or    yellow; 
berry    red  L.  sempervirens:      trump- 

et h. 

Campanales        Bluebell  Order 

Campanulaceae — Bluebell  Family 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  milky  juice;  sepals  5,  united,  petals  5,  united,  stamens  5,  ovary 
2-5-celled,  stigmas  25,  fruit  a  capsule;  flower  syncarpous,  sympetalous,  epigynous,  regular  or  ir- 
regular. 

1.  Flowers    regular 

a.  Flowers  bell-shaped  Campanula 

b.  Flowers  cup-  or  saucer-shaped  Platycodon 

2.  Flowers  irregular,  the  tube  slit  Lobelia 

Campanula — Bluebell,  Harebell 

(Lat.   campana,   bell,   from   the  form   of   the   corolla) 

1.  Stigmas  3;  calyx  without  appendages 

a.  Native;   flowers  nodding;  leaves  linear  C.  rotundifolia 

b.  Cultivated 

(1)  Flowers   solitary;   leaves   ovoid,   petioled  C.  carpdthica 

(2)  Flowers    in    a   raceme;    leaves   lance-ovate,   sessile  C.  rapunculoidcs 

2.  Stigmas   5  ;   calyx   with  leafy  appendages  C.  medium:    Canterbiiry 

bells 

Platycodon —  Platycodon 

(Gr.    platys,    flat,    kodon,    belli    from    the    corolla) 
Leaves   ovate,   toothed;   corolla  blue   or  white,  4-6  cm.   wide  P.  grandiflorum 

Lobelia — Lobelia 

(Named  for  the  herbalist  Lobelius) 
Stems  tufted,  4-6  in.  high  ;    leaves   lanceolate  ;    flowers   blue  L.  crimes 

Asterales        Aster  Order 

Valerianaceae — Valerian  Family 
Herbs    with    opposite    leaves;    sepals    adherent    to    the    ovary,    often    invisible    in    flower,    becoming 
pappus-like    in    fruit,    petals    5,    united,    stamens    1-3,   ovary   3-celled,  but    only   one    cell    with    an    ovule, 
stigmas    1-3,    fruit    an    achene ;    flower    syncarpous,    sympetalous,   epigynous,   regular  or   irregular. 

1.  Stamens   3;    corolla   without   basal   spur  Valeriana 

2.  Stamen   1  ;   corolla   with  basal  spur  Centrdnthus 

Valeriana — Valerian 

(Lat.    valeo,    to    be    well,    from    the    medicinal    root) 

1.  Leaflets   11-21  V.  officinalis 

2.  Leaflets  3-7 

a.  Rootstalk    horizontal  V.  pint 

b.  Rootstalk    long,    tuberous  V.  edit! is 

Centranthus — Spurred  Valerian 

(Gr.    kentron,   spur,    anthos,   flower) 
Leaves    lance-ovate,    nearly    entire;    flowers   red    to    white  C.  ruber 

Dipsaceae — Teasel  Family 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves;  calyx  tube  forming  a  border  above  the  ovary,  corolla  4-5-lobed, 
stamens  4,  ovary  1-eelled,  stigma  1,  fruit  an  achene;  flower  syncarpous,  sympetalous,  epigynous, 
regular    or    irregular. 


ASTKKACKAK 


1.  Flowers  in   an   oblong   prickly  head 

2.  Flowers  in   a   Rat   bead,   without   pricklei 


<;r.    dipsakos, 


leaves    I  ;    flowers   bluis 


Scabu  »sa 

scabies.   Itch,    from    I 


1.   Flowers   pui  pie,   red   i  r   white 
:.   Flowers    ligl 


Asteraceae — Aster  Family 
Herbs  with   flowers   in   dense   involu 
etc.,  or  wanting,   petals   5,  stamens  .;  or   0,  united   by    their    antl 
2-cleft,  stigmas  2;  flower  syncarpous,  sympetalous,  regulai 
head  may  be  all   tube-shaped,  or  the  outer  row    or  so    r> 

shaped.     The   receptacle    is   rial   or   re   or   less  conical, 

bearing   -rales   among    the    flowers.     The    head    is    surrounded   bj    I 

Key    to    the  Genera 
1.  Flowers   tube-shaped,   no   ray  or  ribbon-like   ll"-. 


a.    I  lowers    bright  coloi 
( 1)    Leaves   or   involui  n 

(a)  Leaves  spiny 

x.   Pappus  of  plumj    bi 

I  x  i    [nvolucral    scales   thick    ai 
j  |    [nvolu  ral   Males  not   thii 
y.    Pappus  ■ 

(b)  Involucre  spiny  with  hooked   * 
2 ;    Leaf  and   involui  re  without   sj 

(a)    Heads    in    long    spikes 


34 


ASTERACEAE 


(b)    Heads    in    flat-topped    clusters,    or    single 
x.   Involucrai   scales  dry   and   papery,  yellow   to  white  or  red 
(x)    Leaves    white-cottony,  extending    along   the   stem   as   wi 
(y)    Leaves    not    white-cottony,    stem    not    winged 
}■   Involucrai   Males  not  papery,   usually  green 
(x)    Heads   white,  yellowish   or   purplish;    native 
in.   Heads    whit.-,    pink    or    purplish 
n.    Heads   yellowish 
(y)    Heads  deep  purple  or  blue 
m.    Heads  deep   purple;    native 
n.     Heads   blue,    rarely    white;    cultivated 
b.   Flowers    greenish;    heads    inconspicuous 

(1)  Leaves    broad,    ovale,   not    deeply    lobed 

(a)  Involucre    forming    a    hooked   bur 

(b)  Involucre    not    hooked 

(2)  Leaves    narrow    or    deeply    lobed 
(a)    Leaves   strong-scented" 

x.    Pappus  a   short   crown 


Ammobium 
Helichrysum 


Eupatoriu, 

Kuhnia 

Vernon'ia 

Age  vat  um 


Xanthium 

Iva 


Tanaceium 


te  head  of  Cosmos  with  long  sectior 


ray   flower  and  tubular  or  disk  flower. 


ASTEKACKAi: 


y.   Pappus 

|  x  I    Re<  ■  ptai  le    smooth 
Receptai  le  chaffj 
(b)    Leaves  not   strong  s<  ented 
\.   Pappus    a    crown,   or    none 
y.  Pappus  oi    two  or  more   barbed  awm 
2.  Flowers  of  two  kinds,  tubular  and  ray,  01  ..II  raj 

a.  Ilea. Is   with   chaff,  i.  e.,  each   Bower   with   a 

(1)  Ray    flowers   trumpet-shaped 

(2)  Kay   flowers   flat,   ribbon-   or   strap  sfa 

(a)  Kays    white 

\.    I ..  aves  pinnately  dissec  ted,  strong  • 
y.   Leaves  not   dissei  ted  or   strong  -  • 

(b)  Rays    yelloM    or   purple 
x.  1  >isk  globose   to  cylii 

(x)   Chafl    stoul    or   spiny;    rays   white,   red   oi    ;   . 
in.  Chaff   equalling    the    disk    flowers 
ii.    Chaff   much    longer   than    the   disk   ll.   i 
(y)   <  l,.iM    -..ii  ;    raj  -   yellow 
in.   1  lisk    globose  ;    a<  hem  -   -1  angled 
n.    Disk   oblong   to  cylindric;   achenes   wing  marj 
y.   I  »isk    Hat   or  slightly 

(x)    Bracts   of  the   involucre   united,  at   leasl 
in.  Chafl    broad;   achenes   flat,   winged-marg 
ii.    ( 'hall'  linear  or  long  pointed  :   a.  henes   not   i!  il 
(m)    Kays    white    to    pink    or    red 
(n)     Rays    yellow    to    maroon 
r.   Pappus    teeth   barbed    upward   or  downward 
s.   Pappus    teeth    smooth   or    lacking 
(y)    Bracts  not    united,  or  somewhat  so  at 
m.   Achenes   broad,  winded 

(m)    Rays   in    2-3    rows;    disk    flow 
(n)     Kays  in    1    row;   disk   flowers    fi 
n.  Achenes  not   winged 

(m)    Kays    neutral,    deciduous 
r.   Pappus  of  t\\<>   triangular  awns; 
s.   Pappus  of  two  awns  and   small    - 
(n)     Kays    pistillate,   persistent;    pappus   crown-like 

b.  Heads  without  chaff ;   the  receptacle  slightly  bi 

(1)  Pappus  of  capillarj    bristles 
(a)    Rays   yellow 

\.    I  leads   small,   2  8   mm. 
Heads  larger,   1-3  cm. 

Kays    white    to    blue    or    purple 
x.    I  leads    single,    on    shorl 

y.  I  leads   several  many 

(x)    Kays    narrow     an.,     many;    br...  !-     in     1    i     r< 
i  y  i    Kays   broader  and     ewer;    bri 
m.   Pappus    double  ;   i  ultivati  d    annual 
n.    Pappus  single ;   native 
i  m  I    Heads   in   a 

I  leads   in   a   i  j  on 

(2)  Pappus  none,  or  of   ;  12 
(a)    Pappus 

\.   .\.  disk    small    ai 


(b) 


' 


- 


I 


■ 


■ 


. 


36 


ASTERACEAE 


y.  Achenes  of  disk  normal 
(x)    Achenes    flat 
(y)    Achenes   4  angled 
(b)    Pappus   present 
x.   Rays    white 

(x)    Pappus  of   bristles   and   awns 
(y)    Pappus   a   short-toothed  crown 
in.   Receptacle  nearly   Hat 
n.    Receptacle  conic  or  ovoid 
y.   Rays    yellow    or    orange 

(x)    Bracts    united    into    a    deep    cup 
m.   Leaves   finely   cut;   heads   very   small 
n.    Leaves   coarsely    cut ;    heads    large 
(y)    Bracts    not    united 
m.  Bracts   squarrose-spreading 
n.    Bracts    not    squarrose-spreading 

(m)    Leaves    typically    lobed ;    achenes    densely    hairy 
(n)     Leaves  not   lobed;   achenes   smooth  or   nearly  so 
3.   Flowers   strap-shaped,   all   alike 


Achillea 
Chrysanthemum 


Bolt  on  ia 


Chrysanthemum 

Matricaria 


Dysodia 
Tagetes 

Grindelia 

Gaillardia 
Helenium 


Ligulate   head    of   dandelion,    Taraxacum;    showing  the  habit  of  the  plant,   long  section  of  the  head, 
Jigulate  or  strap-shaped  flower,   and   a   parachute  fruit. 


ASTERAC 


Heads  on  a  scape 
I  [eads  "ii  a  leafy  stem 
( 1 )    Pappus  branches  united   by  hairs 
ippus  brani  hes   aot   so   tin 

(a)  Pappus  capillary 
\.  Achenes  flattened 

'.  henes   liluiu 
(y)   Achenes    beaked 
v.  Achenes   cj  lindric    or   angled 
(x)   Flowers  yellow   or  orange 
in.  Pappus    brown    »r    brownish 
n.     Pappus    white 
(y)    Flowers  white  or  cream-colored 

(b)  Pappus  of   blunt  scales;   flowers  blue 


. 


Cynara — Artichoke,  <  ardoon 

(Gr.    kinara, 

1.  Leaves   woolly   below;   head    smooth 

2.  Leaves  smooth;  heads  prickly 


1.   Heads    less    than    3    cm. 


Carduus—  Thistle 

<I.at.   carduus,   thistle) 


2.    Heads    more    than    3  cm. 

a.  Lower  surface  of  leaf  brown  hairy 

b.  Lower   surface   of    leaf  densely   white   woolly 

(1)  Leaves    usually    lobed    or   dentate 

(2)  Leaves    typically    pinnatilid 

(a)  Leaves   white    woolly    above 

(b)  Leaves   green   above 


• 


Carthamus — Safflower,  False  Saffron 

(Ar.    qartama,    paint,    because   of    tl 
Leaves   oblong-ovate;    flowers   orange 

Arctium     Bur  ' 

(Gr.   arktion,  a  plant,   from   arktos. 
A   biennial    weed    with    large    ox  air    leaves 

Laciniaria-    Blazing 

(Lat.   laclnla,   •■ 

1.  Bracts  pointed 

a.  1  [eads    1 .;  60  flowered 

(1)  Tips  of  bracts  rig  ing 

(2)  Tips  closely   appressed 

b.  1  leads  3  6  flowered 

(1)  Heads  ,  rowded  in   a   long 

(2)  lb-ads   loose   in   a  shorl 

2.  Bracts  obtuse,  not  pointed 

a.  Heads    in  25    mm.,    1  ;  45  M ■■• 

b.  Heads    -1  8    mm.,    S   1  ;  flowi 

Ammobiui 

(Gr,    amnios.         '    I,    bl    *• 

Leaves  lanceolate,  cottony,  extern  ing 


' 


38  *  ASTERACEAE 

Helichrysum — Everlasting 

(Gr.    helios,  sun,   chrysos,  gold,    referring-   to    the    golden    heads    of    some    varieties) 
Leaves   lance-oblong,  entire;    scales  papery,  yellow,  white  or  pink  //.   bractedium 

Eupatorium — Eupatorium 

(Gr.    eupatorion,   a   kind   of   medicinal    plant) 

1.  Leaves   petioled 

a.  Leaves    in    whorls    of    3-6 

(1)  Leaves   hairy  and  wrinkled  E.   maculdtum 

(2)  Leaves   smooth  E.  purpureum:     Joe-pye 

weed 

b.  Leaves    opposite  E.  ageratoides:    sanicle 

2.  Leaves   sessile,    opposite   as    a    rule 

a.  Leaves   narrowed   at  base  E.  altissimum 

b.  Leaves  clasping,  perfoliate  E.  perfolidtum;    boneset 

Kuhnia — Knhnia 

(Named   for  Dr.   Kuhn,   a   botanical    collector   of    the    18th    century) 
Leaves  lanceolate  ;   heads  cream-colored  K.  eupalorioides 

Vernonia — Iron  weed 

(Named    for    Vernon,    an   English    botanist) 

1.  Bracts   with    long  spreading  awns  V.  noveboracensis 

2.  Bracts  merely  acute  V.  fasciculdta 

Agerat.um — Ageratum 

(Gr.  ageraton,  everlasting) 
Leaves  ovale  or  cordate;  flowers  blue,  rarely  white  A.  mexicdna 

Xanthium — Cocklebur 

(Gr.   name  of  a  plant  yielding   a    yellow   dye;    xanthos,   yellow) 
Leaves    ovate;    involucre    with   hooked    spines  X.  canadense 

Iva — Marsh  Elder 

(Of    doubtful    meaning) 
Leaves  ovate,    white   below;  involucre   smooth  /.  xanthifolia 

Tanacetum — Tansy 

(From    tansy,    everlasting,    from   Gr.    athanasia,   immortality) 
Leaves  twice  pinnatifid,  strong-scented;  flowers  greenish  yellow  T.  vulgdre 

Artemisia — Wormwood 

(From    Artemisia,    wife    of    Mausolus) 

1.  Leaves  entire  or  lobed  at  tip 

a.  Leaves  glabrous,  linear  A_  dracunculoides 

b.  Leaves   densely  hairy  or  woolly 

(1)  Leaves    linear  j_  glaiica 

(2)  Leaves   oblong   to   lanceolate  A.  gnaphalodcs 

2.  Leaves  divided 

a.  Heads  erect 

(1)  Leaves    typically    hairy;    perennial  A.  canadensis 

(2)  Leaves    glabrous;    annual    or   biennial  A.   biennis 

b.  Heads   drooping 

(1)  Leaves   silvery 

(a)  Leaf  segments  linear  A.  frigida 

(b)  Leaf   segments  broad,   ovoid  A.  absinthium 

(2)  Leaves    green  A_  abr6ianum 

Ambrosia — Ragweed,  Kinghead 

(Gr.    name   of  a  plant) 
1.   Leaves   palmately   divided;    tall  A     trifida 


ASTERACEAE 


2.  Leaves  pinnately  divided 

a.  Annual;    fertile   heads  clustered;    involu 

b.  Perennial;   fertile  heads  solitary;  involu  i 


Bidens— Biden  . 

I  I  at.  bi-,  two,  dens,  tooth,  1  '.■■ 

1.  Heads   yellow 

a.  Heads  nodding  after  flowering 

b.  Heads  always  erect 

( 1)  Rays  i  onspii  uou  >;   heads    l  6 

(2)  Rays  small  or   wanting;   heads   1  4  cm. 

(a)  Leaves   not   divided 

x.  Outer  bracts  2-4  times  longer  than 
y.  Outer   bracts   not   longer   than    hi 

(b)  Leaves   pinnately  3-5-divided 

2.  Heads   red 

Centaurea — Bachelor's  Button,  Bluel 

(Gr.    nam.- 


K'-.'fe 


Head  of  bluebottle,  Centaur< 
Leaves  gray,  linear;  rays  blue,  more  rarely  white  or  pink 


40 


ASTERACEAE 


Anthemis — Chamomile,  Mayweed 

(Gr.    anthemis,    flower,    perhaps     referring     to     the     many    flowers) 

1.  Rays  white 

a.  Rays  pistillate 

(1)  Chad   acute   or   pointed  A.  arvensis 

(2)  Chaff  blunt  or   rounded  A.   nobilis 

b.  Rays  without  pistils  A.  cotula 

2.  Rays   yellow  A.   tinctoria 

Galinsoga — Galinsoga 

(Named   for   Galinsoga,    a    Spanish    botanist) 
Row    weed,   with    inconspicuous    rays    and    broad   leaves  G.  parviflora 

Zinnia — Zinnia 

(Named    for    Zinn,    a    German    botanist) 
Cultivated    annuals,    generally    with    double    or    partly    double    flower    heads    of 

various  shades  of  dull   yellow,  orange,  red   and   purple  Z.  elegans 


Echinacea — Purple  Coneflower 

(Gr.    echinos,    hedgehog,   referring   to  the   bristly  head) 


1.  Leaves   dentate;   rays    15-20,  dull   purple 

2.  Leaves   entire;   rays    12-15,   rose-purple 

Rudbeckia — Coneflower 

(Named    for    the    Swedish    botanists,    Rudbeck) 

1.  Heads    single 

a.  Leaves   entire   or  nearly    so;    disk   purple-brown 

b.  Leaves   deeply  cut,   except   the    upper ;    disk   yellow 

2.  Heads   doubled 


1.  Disk    cvlindric,  yellow 

2.  l>isk  oblong,  brown 


Ratibida — Coneflower 

(Of  doubtful  meaning) 


Dahlia— Dahlia 

(Named    for    Dahl,    a    Swedish    botanist) 
Roots   tuberous,  fascicled;  leaves  pinnate;    flowers  white   to  red 

Cosmos — Cosmos 

(Gr.    kosmos,   order,   world) 
Leaves   twice   pinnatifid ;    flowers   white    to   red,   rarely  yellow 

Coreopsis — Coreopsis,  Tickseed 

(Gr.   koris,   bug,   opsis,   likeness) 

1.  Leaves    2-pinnate ;    rays   often    maroon 

2.  Leaves    1 -pinnate    or   simple 

a.  Annual;   leaves  or  leaflets  oval 

b.  Perennial ;   leaves   or   leaflets  lanceolate 

(1)  Leaves    with    3,    sometimes    5,    leaflets 

(2)  Leaves   simple 

3.  Leaves  palmately   3-lobed 

Silphium — Silphium 

(Or.   name  of  a  resinous  plant) 

1.  Leaves    simple,    united    at   base    into    a   cup 

2.  Leaves   very    larye,   deeply  pinnatifid 


E.  pur  pure  a 
E.  angustijolia 


R.  hirta 
R.  lacinidta 

R.  lacinidta:  golden  glow 


R.  columndris 
R.  pinndta 


D.  variabilis 

C.  bipinndtus 

C.  tinctoria 

C.  Drummondi 

C.  tripleris 
C.   lanceoldta 
C.  palmdta 


S.  perfolidium:  cup  plant 
S.  lacinidtum :  compass 
plant 


Yerbesina 

(Of   doubtful    meaning) 
Tall  cultivated  perennial  with  rouyh  lanceolate  leaves  and  yellow  flowers;  disk 

flowers    large,   campanulate  r_  altemifolia 


ASTERAC  'I 


antho«,     !' 


(Gr.    helios, 

1.  Disk   brown   or   purplish 

a.  Leaves    opposite,    thii  k,    lai 

b.  1  eaves    mostly    alternate,    tl 

in  the  cultivated   forms 

2.  Disk   yellow 

a.  I  eaves  long,  mostly  lam  e  shaped 

(1)  Leaves  petioled  ;  stem  glaui  ous 

(2)  Leaves  sessile 

i  a  I    Stem  smooth 
(b)   Stem   rough 

x.   I.. -axes  mostly  enlin  .  Ided 

y.   Leaves  toothed,  flat 

b.  Leaves  ovoid 

( 1)  Stem   smooth  or  soft   hairy 

(2)  Stem  rough  or  bristly  hairy 


■ 

//. 

. 

//. 

• 

11. 

11. 

II, 

Leaves 


1  telianthella— Alpine  Sunfl 

<  A    Greek-Latin    hybrid,    meaning 
long;   heads   5-10  cm.   wide,  yellow  //. 


(Gr.   helios, 
Leaves  ovate;    rays   pistillate,   yellow 


1  [eliopsi —  i  Ixeye 

i,  opsis,  look,   from  tin 


Solidago    -I  lolden-rod 

(Lat.    soiidus,    whole,    fn  m    Its    reputi 

1.  Heads    in   a   fla(  topped  cluster 

a.  Kays    fewer   than    the    disk    flowers 

(1)  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  rough 

(2)  Leaves   long,   lanceolate,   smooth 

b.  Rays  more  numerous  than   the  disk   flov 

2.  Ili-ads   in   a   terminal   much-branched   conical   cluster 

a.  Stem    and    leaves    glabrous    <>r    nearly    su 

(1)  Heads   in    a   compact    rounded    thyrse 

(2)  Heads    in   one-sided    spreading    clusters 

(a)  Leaves    3  nerved 

x.  Tall,   1-2  m.  high  ;   along  streams  and   !■ 
v.   Low.   !  ■  in.  high;  on  prairies  and  plains 

(b)  Leaves   without   a   strong  pair   of  later..! 
x.   Racemes  few  ;  heads  4  6  mm.  high 

v.  Racemes  many;   head-  3-4  mm.  high 

b.  Stems   and    leaves    hairy 

( 1 )  Leaves   lam  i  olate,   serra    .  long  pointed 

(2)  Leaves  oblanceolate   to  broadly   span.' 

(a)  Leavt  -  green,  rough  on   both   - 

(b)  Leaves   graj    or   ash) 

x.   Leaves    faintly    3  nerved 
v.   Leaves  strongly    3  nerved 

3.  Heads  mostly  in  axillary  clusters 

a.  Kays    white  ;    leaves    hairy,    Munt 

b.  Rays   yellow  ;    have-    smooth,    long  ; 


i 


Chrysopsis 

chrysos,     gold,     epi  • 


Leaves  hairy, 


42 


ASTERACEAE 


Belli 


•English  Daisy 


Leaves  basal,  spatulate ; 


(Lat.    bellis,   daisy,    from    bellus,    beautiful) 
heads   usually  double,  white  to  pink 


B.  perennis 


(Gr.     eri-, 

1.  Heads  2-3  mm.  wide; 

2.  Heads  5-20  mm.  wide 

a.  Rays  40-70 

b.  Rays   100-150 


Erigeron — Daisy 

very,     geron,     old     man,     referring 
rays   inconspicuous 
;   rays  conspicuous 


to     the    hoary     heads) 

E.  canadensis 


Callistephus — Garden  Aster 

ulr.    kalli-,    beautiful,    stephos,   wreath) 
Double  asters  of  the  garden 

Aster — Aster 

(Gr.    aster,    star,   in   reference   to   the  head) 

1.  Lower  leaves  heart-shaped,  petioled 

a.  Rays    white,    violet   or    pink 

(1)  Rays    white,   6-10 

(2)  Rays  violet,  5-16 

b.  Rays   blue   to   purple 

(1)  Leaves  entire 

(2)  Leaves  toothed 

(a)  Stem    smooth 

x.   Heads  4-6  mm.  high;    leaves   hairy 
y.   Heads  6-10  mm.  high;   leaves  smooth 

(b)  Stem    finely    hairy 

2.  Lower  leaves  not  petioled  and  heart-shaped 

a.  Stem   leaves   clasping    by   a    heart-shaped    base 

(1)  Stem   smooth  or  nearly   so 

(a)  Leaves    entire 

x.  Leaves  oblong  to  ovate 

y.   Leaves  linear  or  lance-linear 

(x)    Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  3-4  rows 

(y)    Bracts  of  the  involucre  in   1-2  rows 

(b)  Leaves  toothed 

(2)  Stem  rough   or  hairy 

(a)  Leaves    entire 
x.  Stem    rough 
y.  Stem  hairy 

(b)  Leaves    toothed 

b.  Leaves   sessile,    slightly   or   not    at    all    clasping 

(1)  Leaves  densely  silky-silvery,  entire;   rays   blue 

(2)  Leaves   not   silky-silvery 

(a)  Stem   leaves  linear,   entire 
x.   Heads    16-25   mm.   wide 
y.   Heads    6-12   mm.   wide 

(x)    Heads    in    1-sided    racemes 
(y)    Heads   not   in    1-sided    racemes 

(b)  Stem    leaves   oblong   to    lanceolate 
x.  Stem  and  leaves  hairy 

y.  Stem  and  leaves  not  hairy 
(x)    Heads    10-15   mm.   wide 
(y)    Heads   15-25   mm.  wide 


Leaves   lanceolate; 


Doellingera — Doellingera 

(Named   for  Doellinger,  a  botanical  explorer) 
rays   small,    white 


annuus 

philadelphicus 


C.  chi 


divaricatus 
macrophyllus 


cordijolius 
sagittifolius 
Drummondii 


A.  lev  is 

A.  junceus 
A.  longi/dlius 
A.  levis 


A.  patens 

A.  novae-dngliae 

A.  puniceus 


A.  sericeus 


A.  ptarmacoides 

A.  multiflorns 
A.  ericoides 

A.  oblongifolius 

A.  Tradescdnti 
A.  salicij  alius 
(inch    A.    paniculdtus) 


D.  umbelldta 


ASTERACKAi: 


Achillea 

(Nat,  i 

1.  Heads  white 

a.  Heads  single ;  leaves  finely  disse 

b.  Heads  double;  leaves  simple 

2.  Heads   yellow 


Chrysanthemum— Chrysanthemum,  1 

(Gr.  chrysos,   gold,    snthsmon, 

1.  Heads  large,  few  or  solitary 

a.  Heads   with   a   single    row   of  whit- 

(1)  Leaves   spatulate 

(a)  Weed  with  narrow,  deeply  cul    l< 

(b)  Cultivated  plant  with   thick  crenate   li 

(2)  Leaves    lance-ovate,    toothed;    cul' 

b.  Heads   variously  colored,   usually   with    many    r< 

(1)  The   various   showy    "chrysanthemums"'    arc    hybri 

and    C.    morifoliuin 

(2)  Heads  rose  or  pink,  single  garden   form 

2.  Heads  small,  numerous,  often   double;   leaves    deeply   cut    pinnatifid 

Matricaria     I  Chamomile 
(From   its   use   in   medicine;    cfr.    Lat,    matrix) 

Annual,  with  smooth   aromatic  deeply  cut   leaves  and   small   white 

or  double  At. 

Boltonia— Boltonia 

i  Named    for    Bolton,    an    English   botanist   of   tl 


Leaves   entire;    rays   white    to    purplish 

Tagetes    -Marigold 

oubtful    m<    • 
Leaves  pinnate;   head   single   or   double;    rays   yellow    or   orange 

Grindelia     I  Irindelia 
(Named    for   Grlndel,    a    Russian 

Leaves  simple,  toothed;   heads  yellow,  sticky 

Helenium  Sneezeweed 

(Gr.   heienion,   i  a  nl  ■ 

1.  Stems  winged;  heads  2-4  cm.  wide 

2.  Stems  not  winged ;  heads  6-8  cm.  wide 


Gaillardia     Gaillan 

i  Named    for    the    botai 

1.  Annual;   rays  brown-purple,  yellow  at  tip 

2.  Perennial;  rays  yellow,  or  brown-purple  at  base 

Calendula     Mari 

(Lat.    kalendae,    months, 
Leaves  oblong,  sessile;  heads  single  or  double 

Taraxacum-    1  >.m<:< 

(Gr.   tarassc,    I 
Leaves  lobed   or  dissected  ;    b<  a 

Dys 

(Gr.  dysodes,  lll-sm.-lllnir.   n  B 
Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid;  heads  small,  yellow 

Tragopogon     Salsify,  i  nt,  ' ;" 

(Gr,   tra'gos.    goat,    pog.m 

1.  Heads  yellow;   bracts   not   longer  than   th( 

2.  Heads  purple;  bracts  much  longer  thai 


44  ASTERACEAE 

Sonchus — Sow-thistle 

(Gr.   name  of  the  sow-thistle) 

1.  Perennial;  heads  2-3  cm.  wide  S.  arvensis 

2.  Annual 

a.  Achenes   wrinkled   crosswise;    ears  of  leaves   acute  S.  olerdceus 

b.  Achenes  3-striate  on  each  side  ;  ears  rounded  5".  dsper 

Lactuca — Lettuce 

(Lat.  lactuca,  lettuce,  from  lac,  milk,  referring  to  the  miiky  juice) 

1.  Pappus   white 

a.  Flowers  '.due  L.  pulchella 

b.  Flowers    yellow    or    cream-colored 

(1)  Cultivated  L.  saiiva 

(2)  Native 

(a)  Leaves   twisteu   into  a  vertical  position,  midrib  spiny  L.  scariosa 

(b)  Leaves    normal,    pinnatifid  ;    margin    spiny  L.  ludovicidna 

2.  Pappus  brown  L.  spicdia 

Hieracium — Hawkweed 

(Gr.  hieracium,  hawkweed,  from  hierax,  hawk) 

1.  Leaves    and   stem   with   hairs   2-3   cm.    long;    achene   long-beaked  II.  longipilutn 

2.  Leaves  and   stem    with   short  stout   hairs;    achenes   truncate  II.  scdbrum 

Crepis — Hawksbeard 

(Gr.     krepis,     boot,     base,     perhaps     from     the     basal     rosette) 
Leaves  lanceolate,  pinnatitid  ;    heads   yellow  C.  tectorum 

Nabalus — Nabalus 

(Latinized  form   of  the  Indian  name) 

1.  Pappus    dark    brown  N.  dlbus 

2.  Pappus   straw-color 

a.  Involucre   hairy  N.  dsper 

b.  Involucre   smooth  N.  altissimus 

Cichorium — Chicory 

(Latinized   form  of  the  Arabic  name) 
Leaves   lobed  ;   heads  blue  C.  intybus 

Monocotyledons 
Alismales        Arrowhead  Order 

Alismaceae—  Arrow-head   Family 
Aquatic   and  marsh   herbs,  with   fibrous  roots,  flowers   in   clusters;   sepals   3,  not   petal-like,  petals   3, 
stamens    6-many,    pistils    several-many;    flowers    apocarpous,    apopetalous,   hypogynous,   regular. 

1.  Each   pistil    1-seeded 

a.  Flowers   perfect  ;   pistils  in  a  ring  Alisma 

1).   Pistillate    and    staminate    flowers    separate;    pistils    covering    a    convex 

receptacle  Sagiltaria 

2.  Each    pistil    many-seeded 

a.  Stamens  9,    fertile  Butomus 

b.  Numerous    fertile    and    sterile    stamens  Hydrocleis 

Alisrria — Water-plantain 

(Gr.  alisma,  a  water  plant) 
Native  plant   with  ovate   leaves,  and  many   small   flowers   in   an   upright  panicle  A.  planlago-aqudtka 

Sagittaria — Arrow-head 

(Lat.  sagitta,  arrow,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves) 
spei  ies,   mostly   blooming   in   midsummer 

1.  Leaves   arrow-shaped;   pistillate   flowers  obviously   stalked  S.  latifolia 

2.  Leaves     linear,     ovate,     or     rarely     arrow-shaped;     pistillate     flowers     not 

stalked  S.   rigida 


HYDROCHARITACEAE— A RACE/ 

Buti  »mus 

•   mi 
A  single   European  spa  ies  sometimes  >  ulth 

I  [ydrocleis     \\ : 

(<  Sr.  hydro-,  water,  kieis. 
A    single    tropical    s] 
yellow 

Hydrales         Water  Weed  Order 

Hydrocharitaceae — Water-weed   Family 

Submerged   or    floating  aquatic   herbs;   sepals  3,    petal 
3-9-parted,    ovary    l-9-celled;    flower    syncarpous,    apopetali   . 
regular,  usually  dioecious. 

1.  Stems  elongated,  branched;   leaves  small,  in   wh< 

thread-like   tube 

2.  Stems  undeveloped;  leaves  long,  grass-like 

Philotria — Water-weed 

(Gr.    philos,   loving,   trin. 
Small   native   submerged   aquatic,  often   cultivated   in    aquaria;    pistillal 
ers  with  a   long,  thread-like   perianth-tube 

Vallisneria — Eel-grass 

(  Named    for    Vallisni 

Submerged   grass-like   aquatic;    pistillate    flowers   on    long   ci 

Arales        Arum  Order 

Araceae — Arum   Family 

Herbs,  or   somewhat   shrubby,   with    flowers   in    a   dense    0  ih] 
or   surrounded   by   a   spathe ;    sepals   4-6   or   0,   petals    0, 
pous,  apetalous,  ovary  sunk  in   the  fleshy  axis.     The  autumn 
vated   greenhouse   plants. 

1.  Spadix  covered  with  flowers  to  the  tip 

a.  Stem    thick,    elongated;    leaves    perforated 

b.  Stem   not   appearing   above   ground;    spathe   ex] 

2.  End  of  spadix  without  flowers 

a.  Spathe  hood  liki  tnple,  entire 

b.  Spathe   expanded,   ill  smelling,  preceding   the   larj 

Monstera 

Half-climbing    plant    with    aerial    roots    and    edible    fruit 

Zantedeschia     i 

i  Named   for  Zai  I 

Commonly  cultivated   plant    with   arro  i  sha| 
on   long   stalks 

Arum 

Flowers    on    lower    part    of    spadix,    tl 
arated   \<\    fringe  like   sterile   B< 

Amorph 

Flowers    on    lower    part    of    spadix:    spall 


46  COMMELINACEAE— LILIACEAE 

Liliales        Lily  Order 

Commelinaceae — Spiderwort  Family 
Upright   or    trailing  herbs   with    fleshy   leaves   of    moderate    thickness;    mucilaginous    sap;    sepals    3 
or  0,   petals  3,    stamens   3   or   6,  pistil    1,   ovary  2-3-celled;    flower   syncarpous,  apopetalous   or   sympetal- 
ous, hypogynous,  regular  or  irregular;  sepals  not  petal-like,  petals  usually  withering  in  one  day. 

1.  Flowers  regular;  stamens  6 

a.  Petals   separate  Tradescantia 

b.  Base  of  petals  united  to   form  a   tube  Zebrina 

2.  Flowers    irregular ;    fertile    stamens    3  Commelina 

Tradescantia — Spiderwort,  Wandering  Jew 

(Named   for   Tradescant,   an   English   gardener) 

1.  Native   species    with   linear   leaves;    flowers  chiefly   in   early   summer 

a.  Sepals  and  pedicels  smooth  T.  reflexa 

b.  Sepals  glandular  pubescent 

(1)  Leaves  and  bracts  5-10  mm.  wide  T.  occidentals 

(2)  Leaves  and   bracts    1-2   cm.   wide  T.  bractedta 

2.  Cultivated   species   with   ovate   or   lanceolate    leaves 

a.  Creeping  plant,  -rooting  at   the  joints ;   leaves  green   or  white   striped ; 

flowers   white  T.  flumincnsis 

b.  Plant  half  prostrate,  not   widely  creeping;    flowers   rose-colored  T.  micrdntha 

Zebrina — Wandering  Jew 

(From  zebra,  referring  to  the  striped  leaves) 
Creeping   plant    with   variegated   leaves,  purple   beneath  Z.  pcndula 

Commelina — Day  Flower 

(Named   for   the   brothers    Commelin,    Dutch    botanists) 
Branching   annual    weed   with   bright   blue   flowers  C.  communis 

Liliaceae — Lily   Family 

Herbaceous    plants    with    scapes    or    leafy    stems    growing    from    bulbs,   corms  or    rootstocks,    rarely 

shrubby;     sepals    3,    petals    3,    stamens    6,    pistil      1,     ovary     3-celled,     superior;  flowers     syncarpous, 

apopetalous    or    sympetalous,    hypogynous,    regular    or    nearly    so ;    sepals    usually  petal-like. 

1.  Plants   with   evident    above-ground   stems   bearing   the   leaves,   or   leaf-like 

twigs 

a.  Plants  with  true  leaves 

(1)  Leaves    thick    and    fleshy;    flowers    small,    numerous,    in    elongated 

leafless  spikes  or  racemes 

(a)  Perianth    tubular,   with   scarcely   any  limb 

(b)  Tips  of  petals   and  sepals   free,   spreading,  irregular 

(2)  Leaves    not    thick    and    fleshy;    flowers    large,    solitary    or    in    loose 

leafy  clusters 

(a)  Flower    solitary;    stem   bearing    1-2   leaves 

(b)  Flowers  usually   several ;   stem  bearing  many  leaves 

b.  True  leaves  reduced  to  minute   scales,   foliage  consisting  of  needle-like 

or  leaf-like  twigs  in   the  axils   of  the   scale-leaves 

(1)  Herbaceous;    flowers   and    fruit  borne    on   ordinary   twigs 

(2)  Shrubby ;   flowers  and   fruit  borne  on   the  leaf-like  twigs 

2.  Stemless  plants 
a.  Flowers  borne  on  erect  leafless  scapes,  usually  in  clusters 

(1)  Leaves   ovate   to   lanceolate 

(a)  Flowers  trumpet-shaped,  each  lasting  one  day  Funkia 

(b)  Flowers  bell-shaped,  persistent  Convallaria 

(2)  Leaves    linear,    each   flower   lasting    several    days 
(a)    Plants  with   thickened   roots   and   no   true   bulb 

x.  Flowers   in    umbels,  blue  or  white  Agapanthus 


Aloe 
Haworthia 

Tulifa 
Lilium 

Asparagus 
Ruscus 

LILIACBAE 

y.  Flowers  in  an  elongated  spike,  01 
/..  Flowers    in    a    brani  hed    p. mi.  le, 
(b)   Plants  with  true  bulbs 
x.  Flowers    vi  ith    an    involui  re 
(x)    Flower  solitary 
(v)    Flowers   in   a  cluster 
v.   I  lower    i  luster    \\  ithout    an    involui  re 
I  x  1    Trials   ami    sepals   separate 
in.  Petals  and  sepals  white  or  greenish,  n 
n.    Petals   and    sepals   blue    (rarely    whiti    . 
(y)   Petals  and  sepals  united  at   the  base  into  ■ 
Flowers  solitary,  Lome  due,  iiv  ,,„   the   under-groun 

(1)  Plant   with   a  corm;   flower  conspicuous 

(2)  Plant   with   a  creeping   rootstock;    flowers   in 


Aloe— Aloe 

une) 

Fleshy  greenhouse    plants;    the   leaves    usually   spiny 

1.  Leaves    many  ranked 

a.  Stem  obvious,  branching;   leaves   3-7   dm.   long  with 
1).   Stems  short,  covered   with   the   small   warty   leaves 

2.  Leaves   3-ranked,   warty   and    mottled 

1  [aworthia 

(Named    for    Haworth,    an    El 

Fleshy    greenhouse    plant    with    short    Stem,    and    small    whitish    ll 


Tulipa  -Tulip 
1  X.   I.,  tulipa,  turban,  from  tb<    foi  n 

Spring-flowering   bulbs,    often    force. 1    into    winter    blooming.       I 
forms    are    generally    considered    as    forming    the    two    sp< 

1.  Early    flowering,    pubescent 

2.  Late    flowering,   smooth 

Lilium — Lily 

1  I. at.    nam.-   of   the   lily,   Or.    lemon  | 

1.  Autumn-blooming    species,   sometimes    delayed    for    indoor    n 

ing ;    flowers    usually    spotted    or    striped    on    a    white    gi 

a.  Flower  flat;  petals  reflexed  from  the  base 

b.  Flower    open    bell-shaped ;    petals    reflexed    only    at    the    • 

with    a    broad    central    stripe 

2.  Early   summer-blooming  species,  often    forced;    flowers 

a.  Basal  leaves   broad;    flower   open    bell  shaped 

b.  Leaves    all    narrow    lanceolate;    flower    trumpet 


■ 


Asparagus      Vs] 

iTIi,-    ■ 
Foliage    twigs    thread  like 

a.  Hardy    vegetable    witli    upright    steins 

b.  « Greenhouse   twiner 

Foliage   twigs   broader,   leaf  like 

a.  Foliage    twigs    linear:    branches    drooping 

b.  Foliage    twigs    ovate    lanceolate;    st^ns    twining 


Riiscus     Butcher's 

Foliage    twigs   leathery,   ovate    Ian 


48  PONTEDERIACEAE 

Funkia — Day  Lily 

(Named  for  Funck,  a  German  botanist) 
Garden    plants    with    trumpet-shaped    flowers 

1.  Flowers    white,    fragrant  F.  subcorddia 

2.  Flowers    bluish 

a.  Leaves    broad    ovate ;    flowers    deep   blue  F.  ovdta 

b.  Leaves  narrow  ovate  to  lanceolate ;  flowers  pale  lilac  F.  lancifolia 

Convallaria — Lily-of-the-valley 

(Lat.  convallis,  a  deep  valley) 
Spring-blooming   hardy    plant   with    racemes    of    fragrant    bell-shaped    flowers ; 

often    forced    for    winter   blooming  C.  majdlis 

Agapanthus 

(Gr.  agape,  love,  anthos,  flower) 
Large    half-hardy    pot    plant    with    umbels    of    blue    or    white    trumpet-shaped 
flowers  A.  umbelldius 

Kniphofia — Red-hot  Poker 

(Named  for  Kniphof,  a  German  botanist) 
Half-hardy  plant  with  an  elongated  spike  of  tubular  scarlet  and  yellow  flowers  K.  aloides 

Chlorophytum 

(Gr.  ehloros,  green,  phyton,  plant) 
Pot  plant   with  stolons,  and  loose  panicles   of  white   flowers  C.  datum 

Tritelia 

(Gr  tri-,  three,  teleos,  complete) 
Bulbous    plant    with    solitary   whitish    flowers,    spring-blooming    but    forced    in 

late   winter  7.   umflora 

Allium — Onion 

(Lat.   name  of  the  onion) 
Bulbous  plant  with  umbels  of  small  white  flowers,  often  forced  in  greenhouses  A.  neapolildmim 

Ornithogalum 

(Gr.   ornis,  ornithos,  bird,  gala,   milk) 

1.  Flowers  over  2  cm.  across,  white  with  a  black  pistil  O.  ardb'uum 

2.  Flowers  less  than  2  cm.   across,  white  with   green  stripes  O.  cauddtum 

Scilla 

(Lat.   scilla,   Gr.   skilla,  sea-onion) 
Very  early  spring-blooming  bulb,  sometimes  forced ;  flowers  bright  blue  S.  sibirica 

Hvacinthus — Hyacinth 

(The  Greek  name) 
Spring-blooming  bulbous  plant,  often   forced  in   winter;    fragrant   flowers  in   a 

dense    raceme  II.  orientdlis 

Colchicum 

(Greek   name  of  some  poisonous  plant) 
flowers    in    autumn   without   leaves   or    stems,    pink-purple,    crocus-like  C.  autumndle 

Aspidistra 

Pot  plant  with  large  leathery  lanceolate  leaves  (sometimes  variegated)  from 
a  creeping  rootstock ;  flowers  fleshy,  almost  concealed  in  the  earth,  their 
parts   in    4's  A.  lurida 

Pontederiaceae — Pickerel -weed   Family 

Aquatic  and  marsh  plants;  flower  clusters  subtended  by  leaf-like  spathes ;  sepals  3,  petals  3, 
stamens  6,  pistil  1,  ovary  3-celled  or  1-celled;  flower  syncarpous,  sympetalous,  hypogynous,  irregular; 
sepals   and  petals  similar,  united,  and    forming   a  2-lipped  perianth. 


CYPBRACBAE 

I  N .  I  ■ 
ingle  native  species  growing   in  i 


Poales         (  irass  ( )rder 

Cyperaceae — Sedge  Family 
Grass-like    herbs,   animal    or    pen  nnial  ;    ■■ 
mostly    long    and    narrow,    with    closed    sheaths,    3-ranked  on   ll 
ii  h  (lower  in  the  axil  of  a 

barbed  bristles  or  hairs,  scales  2-\ 
attache, 1  at  the  basi  ;  pistil  « ith  2 
triangular   nutlet    or   . 


Key 


the     Genera 


1.  Flowers   perfect,  spikes    (spikelets)    all   of   one   - 

a.  Spikes   cone-shaped;    scales    very    numen 

(1)  Achene  crowned  by  a  cap  or   tubercle 

(2)  Achenes   without  a   cap  or   tubei 

b.  Spikes    (spikelets)    flattened;    scales   2  ranked 

(1)  Flowers    without   bristles,    achenes 

(2)  Flowers    with   6-10    bristles,  iked 

2.  Flowers    monoecious,    in    the    same    or    in 

dioecious ;   achene   enclosed   in    a 

Heleocharis — Spike  Rush 

(Gr.    helos,    marsh,    chairo,    delight    in, 

1.  Plants    tufted,    without    conspicuous    rootstocks  //.  . 

2.  Plants  not   tufted,   perennial    from   an    elongated   roof  //.  ; 


Scirpus — Bulrush.  Club  Rush 
(Lat,   scirpus,   bulrush) 

1.  Tall  aquatic   rush,  inflorescence  without  leafy  involucre 

2.  Swamp  or  wood  plants,  involucre  leafy 

a.  Style  3-cleft,   achene   3-angled,   bristles  6 

b.  Style    2-cleft,    achene    plano-convex,   bristles    4 


■  diandrus 


50 


GRAMINACEAE 


Cyperus — Cyperus 

(Gr.'  kypeiros,  a  sedge) 

1.  Styles    2-cleft,    achene   lenticular,   not    3-angled 

a.  Stamens   2,   style  much   exserted,   scales   dull 

b.  Stamens    3,    style   scarcely  exserted,   scales    shining 

2.  Styles  3-cleft,  achene  3-angled 

a.  Spikelets   in   heads 

b.  Spikelets    in    spikes 

(1)  Spikelets    flat,    linear,    falling    away    from    the    spikes 

(2)  Spikelets  thicker,  oblong-linear,  scales  falling  away  from  the   spike- 

lets 

Dulichium — Dulichium 

(Of  doubtful  origin  and  meaning) 
.    single    species 

Carex — Sedge 

(Lat.    carex,    sedge,    i.  e.,    that   which   cuts) 
A    large   and  difficult    genus.      Most  of  the    species    ripen    and    shed    the    fruit    before    the    middle   of 


C.  didndrus 

C.  rivuldris 


C.  filiculmis 


C.  esculent i 


C.  Schweinitzii 


D.  arundindceum 


Carex    festucacea 
Cluster  of   spikelets  and   fruit 


Carex    lurida 
Pistillate   and   staminate   spikes   and   fruit 


September   and    are   not    in   condition    to   be   identified    subsequent    to    that    time 
species  retain   the  fruit  longer  and  may  be  looked   for   through   October. 

1.  Spikes   2-5,  stalked  and  pendulous 

2.  Spikes    2    (1-3),    sessile   or    very    short-stalked 


The    following    swamp 

C.  c omasa 

C.   intumescens 


Graminaceae — Grass  Family 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs  (shrubs  and  trees  in  the  Bambuseae)  ;  stems  usually  hollow,  with 
nodes  and  internodes ;  leaves  narrow,  2-ranked,  with  sheathing  base  split  on  the  side  opposite  the 
blade;  flowers  in  spikelets,  in  paniculate,  racemose  or  spicate  inflorescences;  spikelets  consisting  of 
2-many,  2-ranked  bracts,  the  two  lower  of  which  are  empty,  the  succeeding  ones,  called  lemmas  (1- 
many),  each  bear  a  naked,  usually  perfect  flower;  the  flower  is  subtended  on  the  inside  by  a  thin  scale 
called  the  palet ;  stamens  3,  rarely  1,  2,  or  6;  filaments  very  slender,  anthers  long,  attached  at  the 
middle;  pistil  1,  styles  2,  rarely  1-3,  stigmas  feathery,  fruit  a  1-seeded  grain  or  caryopsis,  usually 
inclosed   at   maturity  by  the   lemma  and  palet. 


KEY    TO    THE    TRIBES 
I.  Plants   with   herbaceous    stems 
I.  Spikelets  all   monoecious 

a.  Spikelets  in  different  inflorencences,  the  staminate  in  tassels,  pistillate  in 

ears  Zea  in  Maydeae 


GRAMINACEAE 


b.  Spikelets  in   the  same   Inflorescence 
I  I  |    Pistillate  spikelets  below,  surroum 
(2)   Pistillate    spikelets    above,    without    ivory-liki     involucre 
2.  Spikelets    all    perfect    or    oJ    two   kinds,    : 
mentary 

a.  Spikelets  in  different  inflorescences,  the  staminati    in  tassels,  pis) 

the  other  imperfect  and  stalked 

b.  Spikelets    all    alike 

(1)  Glumes   3-4 

(a)  Glumes   shorter    than    the    fertile    lemma    and    palet,   both    I 

and    palet   indurated   in    fruit 

(b)  Outer    glumes   enclosing    the    Lemma    and    palet,   leu  i 

durated  in  fruit;  third  and  fourth  glumes  small  or  rud 
and    hair  like 

(2)  Glumes   2 

(a)  Spikelets   in  one  sided   spikes 

(b)  Spikelets  not   in  one-sided 
x.  Spikelets    1 -flowered 

(x)    Glumes   small   or  minute 

(y)   Glumes  variable,  mostly  as  long  or  longer  than  I 
y.  Spikelets    2-many-flowered 

(x)    Spikelets  sessile  on  the   main   zig-zag  axis 
(y)    Spikelets  more   or   less   stalked,   main    axis    net    /  , 
m.  Glumes  enclosing  the  spikelet,  lemma  usuallj    i 

back 
n.    Glumes  not  enclosing  the  spikelet,  lemma  awnl< 
at    the    top 

(3)  Glumes  none 
II.   Plants   with    tall    woody   stems   or  canes 


. 


. 


Artificial  Key 


I.   Spikelets  in   panicles    (Or  cylindric   spikes) 
1.  Spikelets  one-flowered 

a.  Three  or   four  empty   glumes 


Agrostis 


Agrro 
vulgaris,   panicle 


ind    Bpik< 


b.  Two  empty  glumi  - 

(1)  Flowers  naked  at  base,  or  with  one  hairy  bristle 

(2)  Flowers  with   two   seal-  -   or    Dl    Stli 

c.  No  empty  glumes 


■ 


52 


GRAMINACEAE 


Oryzeae 

Leersia    oryzoides 
Cluster    and    spikelet 


Phalarideae 
Phalaris     arundinacea 
Spikelet    and    flower 


Aveneae 

Avena    sativ; 

Spikelet 


2.  Spikelets  more  than  one-flowered 

a.  Empty  glumes  longer  than  the  spikelet ;  lemma  awned  on  the  back 

b.  Empty  glumes  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  lemma  awned  at  the  tip 

(1)  Herbs 

(2)  Tall  reeds 


Festuceae 
Bambuseae 


P.ambuseae 
Arundinaria    japonica 

Spikelet  and   flower 


Festuceae 
Bromus   ciliatus 
Spikelet  and  flower 


II.  Spikelets  not  in  panicles 
1.   Spikelets   monoecious 


Maydeae 


GRAMINACEAE 


Maydeae 

Zea  mays 

Staminate    and    pistillate    spikelets 

2.  Spikelets  in  one-sided  spikes 

3.  Spikelets  in  pairs   (one  sessile,  the  other  stalked) 


Andropogoneae 
Andropogon    fun 
tir  of  spikelets   and   open 


4.  Spikelets  on  a  zig-zag  axis 

MAYK1    \i 

1.  Staminate  .and   pistillate   spikelet   in    difl 

ears 

2.  Staminate  and   pistillate  spikelets   in   the  sai 

enclosed  by  a  bead-like  involucre 


54  GRAMINACEAE 

Zea — Corn,  Maize 

(Gr.   zeia,   a   kind   of   coarse  grain) 
A   single   cultivated    species  Z.  mays 

Coix — Job's  Tears 

(Gr.    koix,   a  kind  of  palm) 
A   single  cultivated   species  ('.  Idchryma 

ANDR0P0GONEAE BLUESTEM    TRIBE 

1.  Spikelets    in    many-jointed,    spike-like    hairy    racemes  Andropogon 

2.  Spikelets  in   a   panicle 

a.  Panicle   very   hairy,   golden,    stalked   spikelets   reduced    to    1    or    2   hairy 

pedicels  Chrysopogon 

b.  Panicle  smooth  or  nearly   so,  brownish,  stalked   spikelets    1-2,  staminate 

°r    empty  Sorghum 

Andropogon — Bluestem,  Beard  Grass 

(Gr.    aner,  andros,   man,   pogon,  beard,    referring    to    the    hairy    axis) 

1.  Racemes   solitary,   stems  4-8   dm.  high  A.  scopdrius 

2.  Racemes  in  clusters,  stems   10-15  dm.  high  A.  furcdtus 

Chrysopogon — Goldstein,  Goldbeard 

(Gr.  chrysos,  gold,   pogon,   beard, referring   to   the  hairy  pedicels) 
A    single    species  C.  nutans 

Sorghum — Sorghum 

(Of    doubtful   origin    and    meaning) 
A    single  cultivated   species  $.  vulgaris 

PAN  ICE  AE— MILLET   TRIBE 

1.  Spikelets   inclosed    in    a   spiny   bur  Cenchrus 

2.  Spikelets  not  inclosed  in   a  spiny  bur 

a.  Spikelets    borne    in    more    or    less    one-sided    spikes 

(1)  Spikes   long  and   slender,   in   a   digitate   cluster;    glumes   not   awned   Digitaria 

(2)  Spikes   shorter,   in   a   panicle;   glumes   more   or    less    awned  Echinochloa 

b.  Spikelets  not  in  one-sided  spikes 

(1)  Spikelets   subtended  by  bristles,  in   a  cylindrical   spike  Setaria 

(2)  Spikelets    not    subtended    by    bristles,    in    a   panicle  Panicum 

Cenchrus — Sandbur 

(Gr.    name  of  a  kind  of   millet) 
A    single    species  c    carolinidnus 

Digitaria — Finger  Grass 

(Lat.  digitus,  finger,  referring  to  the  flower  cluster) 

1.  Axis    of    spikes    flat,    broadly    winged;    stems    spreading 

a.  Spikelets   with   3   glumes,   2-3   mm.   long  D.  sanguindlis 

b.  Spikelets    with    2   glumes,   2   mm.   long  £>,  humijusa 

2.  Axis  of  spikes  not  winged,  3-angled,  stems  erect  D.  filiformis 

Echinochloa— Barnyard  Grass 

(Gr.    echinos,   hedgehog,    chloe,  grass,   referring  to  the  bristly  spikelets) 
A  single   species   with   awned   spikelets,   awn   very    variable  in  length  E.  crusgdlli 

Setaria — Foxtail,  Pigeon  Grass 

(Lat.  seta,  bristle,  referring  to  the  awns) 

1.  Bristles    five   or   more   below   each    spikelet  S.  glduca 

2.  Bristles    1-3    below    each    spikelet 

a.  Spikes    thick    and    dense,    1-2    dm.    long,    spikelets    3    mm.    long  S.  itdlica 

b.  Spike  slender,  3-10  cm.  long,  spikelets  2  mm.  long  S.  viridis 


GRAMINACEAE 

Panicum 

'  Lat.    panicum,    •  pan  v 

1.  Plants  glabrous  throughout,  8  20  dm.  high, 

2.  Plants  bristly   pubes<  enl    al    le  isl   or 

or  spreading,  3  10  dm.  high 

a.  Annual,   panicle  ample,   bram  hi  -   long    ind 

b.  Perennial,  panicle  short,  less  than    I 


PHALARID1 


A  single  genus  (in  late  season) 


1  'halaris     <  !an  u 
(Gr.    name  -,    from   pnaios. 

1.  Panicle    very    dense,    spike-like;    glumes    winged    •• 

2.  Panicle   branched;   glumes   not   winged   on   the   k.-.-l 

a.  Leaves    green 

b.  Leaves  striped    with    white 


ORYZEAE — RICE  1  RIBE 

1.  Cultivated   grass;   glumes   present,  small 

2.  Native   grasses;   spikelets   monoecious, 

lacking 

a.  Tall  aquatic  grass,  pistillate  spikelets  at  the  summit    ij 

b.  Low   marsh   grass   with   closely     row  led  spike! 


less   inclosed 


ie    sheaths 


A    single    cultivated 


Oryza— Rice 

Gr.    oryz 


Zizania — Wild  Rice,  In<li;m  Rice 

<<;r.    zizanion.     i     fl 

1.  Stems   2-.?   m.   high  ;   panicle  open 

2.  Stems  about    1   m.  high;   panicle   more   appi 


■ 


Leersia — Cut-grass,  White  I 

(Named    i'<>r    the    German    bot 

1.  Panicle  simple,   branches   stiffly   spreading;  spikelets  2  1  mm 

2.  Panicle   twice  branched;   spikelets  4?   nun.  long 


CHLORIDEAE — GRAMA 


1.  Tall  marsh   grass  with   long,  sharp 

2.  Prairie  grass  with  short   Muni  edged  leaves 


. 


A   single   species 


Spartina 

Gr.    spnrtinf. 

Boul 


1.  Spikes   IS  or   more,  pen 

2.  Spikes    1  4    usuall) 

a.  Leaves    smooth 

b.  Leaves  hairy 


i 


56 


GRAMINACEAE 


AGROSTIDEAE REDTOP   TRIBE 

1.  Spikelets    in    a    cylindrical    spike 

a.  Lemma   without   an   awn  ;   glumes  awn-pointed   or   aristate  Phleum 

b.  Lemma    awned  ;    glumes    not    aristate  Alopccurus 

2.  Spikelets   in    a   panicle   or  spike-like   panicle 

a.  Spikelets  in   a  dense  spike-like  panicle  Muhlcnbergia 

b.  Spikelets   in    an    open    panicle 

(1)  Lemma   firm   and  hard   at   maturity,  closely   enveloping   the  grain  Ory-opsis 

(2)  Lemma   thin  or  membranous  at  maturity,  glumes  coarse,  grain  loose 
x.    Lemma   with   a    tuft    of  straight    hairs   at   its   base 

(x)    Rachilla  prolonged  behind   the  palet,  bristle-like  Calamagrostis 

(y)    Rachilla    not    prolonged    behind    the    palet  Calamovilfa 

y.   Lemma  without  a   tuft   of  hairs    at   its  base 

(x)    Glumes  longer  than,   and  inclosing,   the   lemma  Agrostis 

(y)    Glumes  shorter  than,  and  not  inclosing,  the  lemma 
m.   Stems   wiry   or    rigid  ;    lemma   and   palet   not    raised    on    a   short 

pedicel  Sporobolus 

n.    Stems  not  wiry  ;  lemma  and  palet  raised  on   a   short  pedicel       Cinna 


A    single    cultivated    speci 


A  single  species 


Phleum — Timothy 

(Gr.   phleos,  a  kind  of  reed) 


Alopecurus — Foxtail  Grass 

(Gr.   alopex,  fox,   cura,  tail,   referring  to  the  spike) 


P.  pratense 


Muhlenbergia — Muhlenbergia 

(Named   for   Muhlenberg,   an  American  botanist  of   the   18th 

1.  Glumes   equalling  the   lemma 

2.  Glumes   much  longer  than   the   lemma 


A.  geniculdtus. 

century) 
M.  mexicdna 

M.  racemosa 


Orvzopsis — Mountain  Rice 

(Gr.    oryza,   rice,   opsis,  likeness;    of   little  meaning) 
A    single    species    (at    this   season) 


A  single  species 
A  single  species 


Calamagrostis — Blue j  oint  Grass 

(Gr.    kalamos,    reed,    agrostis,    grass) 

Calamovilfa — Reed  Grass 

(A    hybrid    name    of    doubtful    meaning) 


Agrostis — Red  Top 

(Gr.    agros,   field,    from  its  home) 

1.  Palet   at  least   one-half  as   long   as   the   lemma,   2-nerved 

2.  Palet  minute  and  nerveless  or  wanting 


O.  melanocdrpa 


C.  canadensis 


C.  longifolia 


A.  dlba 

A.  hi  emails 


Sp<  n'obolus — Rush-grass,  Drop-seed 

(Gr.   spora,  seed,    bolos,   throwing) 

1.  Slender    plants,    the    spike-like    panicle    exserted     beyond     the    upper    leaf 

sheath 

2.  Coarse    wiry    plant,   the   much    branched    panicle    more   or   less   inclosed    by 

the    upper    leaf    sheath 


Cinna — Wood  Reed-grass 

M'.i.    kinna,  a  kind  of  grass) 


A  single  species 


.S".  cuspiddtus 
S.  cryptdndrus 

C .  arundindceat 


AVENEAE — OAT   TRIBE 


A   single  genus 


GRAM I N ACL A K 


Wena     i 
■  i  ..i   ... .-    , 

1.  Lemma  with  a  ring  of  hair-  ai  the  base,  awi 

2.  Lemma  without  a  ring  oi   hairs,  awn  less  than 

FESTl  l 

1.  Tall   reed-like  swamp   grass,   spikelets   with   long  silkj 

2.  Lower    meadow   or   woodland    grass, s 

a.  Spikelets    8  12    mm.    wide,    ali.mt    as    long    as    broad 
1..  Spikelets    less    than    8    nun.    wide,    longer    than 

(1)  Panicle   dense    ami    spike-like,   shining 

(2)  Panicle  open,   no(   shining 

(a)  Spikelets   in   one  sided,  capitate   i  ' 

(b)  Spikelets    nol    i  ollei  ted    into   one  sided 

large 
x.   Lemmas  inure  than  <>  mm.  long,    ' 

near   the  apex 
y.  Spikelets    smaller;    lemmas    less    than  "6    nun.    long, 
awned   at   the  apex 
(x)    Spikelets    3-5-flowered 
in.  Glumes   compressed   and    keeled;   lemma   mostlj    with 

hairs  at   the   base,  aw  nless 
n.    Glumes  rounded,  at  least  at  the  base;  lemma  withi   il 
mostly    awned    at    the    apex 
(y)    Spikelets    5-30-flowered,   much    ll 

Phragmites  —Reed  grass 

(Gr.    phragmites,    growing    in    hedges;    ol    doubtful    appUc 
A   single   swamp    species,   4-8    feet    tall 


A   single   cultivated    specii  s 


I li'i/a     Quaking  <  Irass 

ii  ;r.   brizo,  a   kind   of  grain  i 


A    single  species 


Koeleria     Koeleria 

i  Named    for   Koeler,   a   <  ;•  ■  ma  < 

I  (act)  lis     •  >rchard  l 

(Gr.    daktylos,    finger,    of    doubtful    .i 


single    introduced    species 

Bromus 

a'.v.    bromos,    a    kiml    •  •: 

1.  Spikelets  densely  silky  hairy  all   over 

2.  Spikelets    not    densely    silky  hairy    all    over 

a.  Lemma   awned,   awn    over    1    'in.   long 

b.  Lemma    awnless    or    with    an    awn    less    than    1    i  ill.    long 

(1)  Lemma   awnless   or    merelj    awn-pointed 

(2)  Lemma    with    a    shorl    straight    awn 

Poa     Bluegrass 

i    i 

1.  Low,    spreading    annual,    less    than    2    dm.    high 

2.  Perennials;    stem    erect,   over    .^    dm. 

a.  Stems  not    tufted,    from   extensive!)    creeping    i 

1>.  Stems  tufted 

(1)  Panicle  crowded;  stems  much  exceeding  lh<    l< 

(2)  Panicle   open    and    spreading;    sterna 


. 


58 


GRAMINACEAE 


Festuca — Fescue  Grass 

(Lat.    festuca,    stem,    straw) 

1.  Leaves  narrow   and   involute;   lemma  awned 

2.  Leaves   flat;    lemma   not   awned 


F.  ovina:  sheep's  fescue 
F.  nutans:    nodding 
fescue  grass 


(Gr.   era,    ground, 

1.  Perennial,    reddish;    branches    of 

2.  Annual  ;    branches    shorter 

a.  Spikelets  2-8  mm.  long 

b.  Spikelets   5-16  mm.   long 


Eragrostis — Eragrostis 

agrostis,   grass,    from    the    spreading 
>anicle    long    and    stiff 


habit) 
E.  pectindcea 

E.  pildsa 

E.  megasldchya 


IIORDEAE BARLEY   OR  RYE  TRIBE 

1.  Spikelets    1    at  each  joint   of   the   zigzag  axis 

a.  Spikelets    with    edge    turned    towards    the    axis  Lolium 

b.  Spikelets    with    flat    side    turned    towards   axis 

(1)  Native    perennials  ■  Agropyrum 

(2)  Cultivated  annuals 

(a)  Spikelets    2-several-flowered,    glumes    broadly    ovate  Triticum 

(b)  Spikelets    2-flowered,    glumes    acute  Secale 

2.  Spikelets   2-several    (sometimes    1    or  more   rudimentary)    at   each   joint   of 

the    zigzag   axis 

a.  Spikelets    1-flowered,  in  3's  at   each  joint,  the   lateral  reduced  Hordeum 

b.  Spikelets   2-6   flowered 

(1)  Spikelets    ascending,   glumes   about    the   same   size    as   lemmas  Elymus 

(2)  Spikelets  spreading  horizontally,   glumes  very  small  or   lacking  Hysirix 


A  single  introduced  species 


Lolium — Darnel 

(Lat.  name  of  the  darnel) 

L.  perenne:    common 
darnel 
Agropyrum — Wheat   Grass 

(Gr.    agros,    field,    pyros,    wheat) 

1.  Stems    tufted,   no   creeping   rootstocks   or    stolons;    lemma   awned 

a.  Awn   about   twice   the    length    of   the   lemma;    spike    thick  A.  Richardsonii 

b.  Awn  shorter  than  the  lemma;   spike   slender  A.  tenerum 

2.  Stems   solitary   or    few,    from   creeping   rootstocks;    lemma  mostly    awnless 


or  awn-pointed 

Triticum — Wheat 

(The  Latin  name) 

1.  Grain    remaining    within    the    glumes    when    ripe 

2.  drain    easily    falling   out    when    ripe 


A.  re  pens:  quackgrass, 
couch  grass 


T.  spelta:  spelt 
T.  vulgdre:  common 
zvheat 


A  single  cultivated   spec! 


Secale — Rye 

(NL.   from   seco,   cut) 


Hordeum — Barley 

(Lat.    name   of    the    barley) 

1.  Cultivated;    glumes    short,  not   awn-like 

2.  Native   weed;    glumes   long   and   awn-like 

Elymus — Rye  Grass,  Wild  Rye 

(Gr,   elymos,  a   kind  of  grass,  from  elyo,  roll  u?) 

1.  Spike    erect,    awns    shorter    than    the    spikelet 

2.  Spike  more  or  less  nodding,  awns  longer  than  spikelet 
a.  Glumes   narrowly   awl-shaped;   spike   slender 


S.  ceredle 


H.  vulgdre:  barley 
H.  jubdtum:   squirrel-tail 
grass 


E.  virginicus 
E.  stridtus 


AMARYLLIDACE 

b.  Glumes    lineai    lanceolati      spike   - 1  <  ai  i  ■  r 

(1)  Spike   loosely   flowi  r<  d,  nodding  at   ll  i 

per    leaf   sheath 

(2)  Spike  densi  l\   flowi  red,  i 

in  the  upper  leaf  sheath 

Hystrix     Bottlebrusli 

(i  !r.  hystrix,  porcupini 
A   single  woodland   species 

BAM  r.i'  SEA]         1AM BOO       RIBE 
A    single    cultii 


Iridales         Iris  Order 

Amaryllidaceae — Amaryllis  Family 
Herbaceous    plants,    usually    with    scapes    or    li     I 
sepals   3,   petals   3,    stamens   6,   pistil    1,   ovary   3-celled,    inferior;    fl 
rarely    apopetalous,    epigynous,    regular    or    somewhat    irregulai 

often    bearing    a    conspicuous    crown    within    the    petals. 

1.  Flowers  with   a  crown-like   appendage  within   the   perianth 

2.  Flowers    without    a   crown-like    app< 

a.  Stems   leafy;    flowers    white 

b.  Bulbous   plants   with    scapes;    flowers    pink    to   red 

(1)  Scales    present    at    the    base    of    the    stamens 

(a)  Flowers    in    an    umbel,    regular 

(b)  Flower   solitary,   irregular 

(2)  No   scales    at  base   of   the    stamens 

(a)  Sepals  and   petals   distinctly   un 

(b)  Sepals  and   petals  si 
x.   Flowers  pink   or  whitish 
y.   Flowers  orange 

Narc 

(The  <  (] 
Spring-blooming   bulbous    plants    often    forced    in    winter 

1.  Crown   as  long  as   the   petals   and   sepals;    Rowers    solitary 

2.  Crown    small  ;    flowers    in    clusters 

a.  Leaves    10-30   mm.    wide 

b.  Leaves   3-5   mm.   wide 


- 


'■ 


Polianthes  — Tul 

.<;,-.     polios,     white,     anthos.     •' 
Autumn-flowering    garden    plant    often    with    double    flowers 

Hippeastrum— "Amaryllis"    Johnsoi 

(Gr.    hippos,    horse,    aatron, 
The  house  and  greenhouse   tonus  are   largely  hybi 

kelia     facobaean  Lily 

i  Name  'i    tor  Spr 
Bulbous    greenhouse    plant    with    solitary    irregular 

Amaryllii 
Half-hardy  bulbous  planl  with  umbel  of   lilj 


1.  Leaves   acute,  flowers   upright,    I  i 

2.  Leavi      ■ 


6o 


IRIDACEAE 


Xerine 

(Gr.    nereis,    a   sea-nymph) 

1.  Flowers  scarlet;   stamens  straight 

2.  Flowers  pale   pink  ;   stamens  curved 

3.  Flowers  bright    pink    (hybrid    of    1.   and    2.) 


X.  curvifolia 
N.  flexudsa 
X.  Manselli 


Iridaceae — Iris   Family 

Herbaceous  plants  with  bulbs,  corms,  or  rootstocks,  from  which  come  the  solitary  flowers, 
scapes,  or  leafy  stems;  sepals  3,  petals  3,  stamens  3,  pistil  1,  ovary  3-celled,  inferior,  style  with  three 
branches;  flower  syncarpous,  sympetalous  or  apopetalous,  epigynous,  regular  or  somewhat  irregular; 
sepals    petal-like,   but    sometimes    differing   considerably   from   the   petals. 

1.  Style   branches   petal-like,  concealing  the   stamens 

a.  Perianth-tube    present;    plants    with    bulbs    or   creeping    rootstocks  Iris 

b.  Sepals  and   petals  separate   to   the   base  ;    plants  with   corms  Moraea 

2.  Style  branches  not   petal-like ;   stamens   obvious 

a.  Stemless ;    flowers   rising   directly    from   the    corm  Crocus 

b.  Leafy   stemmed ;    flowers   in   spikes   or    racemes 

(1)  Style   branches  cleft  into  2   thread-like   subdivisions  Freesia 

(2)  Style   branches   not  cleft 

(a)  Flowers    regular,   salver-shaped  Ixia 

(b)  Flowers  somewhat  irregular,   funnel-shaped 

x.   Bracts    leafy ;    flowers    decidedly    irregular  Gladiolus 

y.   Bracts   papery;    flowers   slightly   irregular  Tritonia 

Iris — Iris 

(Gr.   iris,  rainbow) 

1.  Garden  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks,  blooming  in  early  summer,  often 

with    a    few    autumn    flowers 

a.  Flowers  lavender ;  leaves  about  2  dm.  long  /.  cengidlti 

b.  Flowers  dark   purple;   leaves  3-4  dm.   long  /.  germdnica 

2.  Bulbous   spring-blooming   plants,   sometimes   forced    into   winter    blooming 

a.  Stemless,  blue,  flowering  in   the  greenhouse   in  early  winter  I.  aldta 

b.  Long   stemmed,   variously  colored,   flowering  in   late  winter  I.  xiphium 


Moraea — Peacock  Iris 

(Named  for  Moraeas,  father-in-law  of  Linne) 
Slender   plant   with   white   and   blue   iris-like   flowers 

Crocus — Crocus 

(The    Greek   name) 
Spring  flowering  plants  often   forced   into   winter  blooming 

1.  Flowers   yellow 

a.  Anthers  orange ;   sepals  brownish  on   outside 

b.  Anthers    pale ;    sepals    clear    yellow 

2.  Flowers   violet   to   white 


M.  paz 


C.  susianus 
C.  moesidciis 
C.  vermis 


Freesia 

,-ers   in  irregular  racemes 


Greenhouse   bulbous  plants   with   fragrant  flo' 

1.  Flowers    whitish-green    and    purple 

2.  Flowers   pure   white 

3.  Flowers  yellow  and  orange 

Ixia 

(Gr.  ixos,  birdlime,  from  the  sticky  sap) 
Greenhouse    bulbous    plants    with    flowers    in    spikes 

1.  Flowers  white   or  yellow   with   a  dark  eye 

2.  Flowers  purplish  with  a  dark  eye 

Gladiolus 

(Lat.  gladiolus,  small  sword,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf) 
^Various  garden  hybrids   of   G.  cardinalis,   G.  psittacinus,   and   other   species. 


F.  refrdcta 

F.  refrdcta  alba 

F.   Leichtlini 


I.  maculdta 

I.  columelldris 


BROMELIACEAE— ORCHIDA< 

Tritonia     Monti 

c  From   i  he 
1.   Perianth  tube  longer  than  the  slightlj   spn 
2.   Perianth-tube  about   the   length  of  the  widel)    s| 
The  latter  is  a  garden  hybrid  ol    /.  /',:...  and  I 

Bromeliaceae — Pineapple    Family 
Herbs,   many   of    them    epiphyl 
instil    1,    ovary    3-celled ;    flowers    syncarpous,    apopetalou 
regular    or    somewhat    irregular;    sepals    not    petal-like,    usually 
tropical    or    subtropical    plants,    sometimes    grown    in    gi 
Ovary   inferior,  plant   growing  in   earth 
Ovary  superior,  air  plant 

Ananas     Pineapple 
I  Brazilian  name  o  pple) 

Plant  with  a  fleshy  multiple   fruit,  surmounted  by  a  crown   oi    I 

Tillandsia     Spanish  Moss,  Tillandsia 

Named    for    Tlllonda,    a    Sw 

1.  Plant   hanging   in    festoons;    stem   branched,   thread-lik 

(Spanish    Moss) 

2.  Plant  with  a  tuft  of  erect   leaves;    flowers   in    a   clus 

a.  Stamens    shorter    than    the    petals;    flowers    tew,    blue 
1).  Stamens    longer    than    the    petals 

(1)  Base  of  plant  bulb-like;   leaves  about    1   dm.   long 

(2)  Base    of    plant    not    bulb-like 

(a)  Leaves    awl-shaped,    about    15    cm.    long 

(b)  Leaves    1    cm.  or   more   wide,    5    dm.   long 


Scitaminales        Canna  Order 

Cannaceae — Canna   Family 
Large    herbs,    with    rootstocks    ami    leafy    stems;    flowers    in      lusl 
stamens    3-4,    fertile    stamen     1,    pistil    1,    ovary    3-celled,     inferior;     fl 
epigynous,    irregular;     sterile     stamens     petal-like     an. I    larger    than    I 
Others,    fertile    stamen     petal-like    with     the    anther    along 
seeds. 
One   genus 

Canna — ( lanna 

i  l. at.  canna,  reed, 
The   garden   Cannas  are   hybrids  of  numerous    wild    species    from    the 

W'-st     Indies,    South    America,    and    northern    India. 


Orchidales         Orchid  Order 

Orchidaceae — Orchid    Family 
Herbaceous     plants     with     roi 
them   air  plants;    sepals   3,  or   apparei    I)    2   a>   a    result 
stamens   1   or  2,   pistil    1,  ovary    I -celled    (rarelj     ; 
apopetalous   or   sympetalous,  epigynous,   irregular; 
petal     (the     'lip")     diff(  ring    from     the    ,,th-  i  t, 
sterile   stamens   variable,    the    pollen   of   the    I   rl 
usually  bent  or   twist.d    s,,  as   to  invert    the   flower, 

Many     tropical     and     subtropical     forms      ■ 

ous  native   plants  of  this    family,   nearlj    all 

1.    Fertile    stamens   2;    lip    slipper  like 


62  ORCHIDACEAE 

2.   Fertile    stamen    solitary,    the    2    anther-sacs    sometimes   widely    separated 

a.  Native    plants    with    small    and    inconspicuous    flowers 

(1)  Stems   leafy;    lip   not    sack-like,    appendaged    at    base  Spiranthes 

(2)  Leaves  all  basal ;  lip  sack-like  Epipactis 

b.  Greenhouse    plants   of   tropical   origin ;    flowers    large    and    conspicuous ; 

mostly    growing    with    little    earth,    and    having    thick    leaves,    aerial 
roots,  and   thickened   tuberous  stems    (pseudo-bulbs). 

(1)  Flower    clusters     terminal    upon     the     pseudo-bulbs;     chambers     of 

anther   distinct 

(a)  Lip  flat  and   spreading;   pollen  masses  4;   flower  clusters  usually 

many-flowered  Epidendrum 

(b)  Lip    rolled    about   the   base   of    the    column;    flower    clusters    few- 

flowered 
x.   Pollen  masses  4  Cat/leva 

y.   Pollen  masses  8  Laelia 

(2)  Flower  clusters  not  terminal  upon  the  pseudo-bulbs 

(a)  Flowers  borne   singly  or  in   small   clusters  upon   the   sides  of  the 

pseudo-bulbs  Dendrobium 

(b)  Flowering   shoots   springing  from   the   base   of   the   pseudo-bulbs ; 

chambers  of   anther  confluent 
x.   Base   of   lip   parallel    with    the   column,    often    adhering    to    it  Odontoglossutn 

y.   Lip  spreading  from  the  base  of  the  column  Oncidium 

Cvpripedium 

'      (Gr.    Kypris,   Venus,    pedilon,   slipper,   from  the  slipper-like   lip) 
A    genus   compromising    our   native    "Mocassin    flowers"  as  well  as  many  exotic  forms. 
Flowers  green,  brown,  and  white  C.   insigne 

Spiranthes 

(Gr.   speira,   spiral,    anthos,   flower,   from   the   spiral  cluster) 

1.  Sepals    and    petals    forming    a    hood-like    structure  S.  romanzoffiana 

2.  Sepals    and    petals    spreading  S.  cernua 

Epipactis 

(Gr.  name  of  a  plant) 
Leaves    white   netted  ;    lip   sack-like  E.  pubescens 

Epidendrum 

(Gr.  epi-,  upon,  dendron,  tree,  from  its  habit) 

1.  Base   of  lip   slightly  joined  to   the  column;   flowers   red   and   orange  E.  viiellinum 

2.  Base    of   lip   completely   joined   to    the    column ;    flowers    pink,    green,    and 

chocolate  E.  venosum 

Cattleya 

(Named    for    Cattley,    an    English    collector) 

1.  Pseudo-bulbs  1-leaved;  flowers   15  cm.  in  diameter  ('.  labidia 

2.  Pseudo-bulbs  2-3  leaved  ;  flowers  about  10  cm.  in  diameter  ('.  Skinneri 

Laelia 

(Named    for   Laelius,    a   Roman    statesman) 

1.  Pseudo-bulbs   compressed   and  margined ;    sepals   and   petals   with   a   green 

line  along  the  outside  of  the  midrib  L.  dnccps 

2.  Pseudo-bulbs  not  compressed  or  margined ;   sepals  and  petals  not  marked 

with  a  green  line  L.  autumnalis 

Dendrobium 

(Gr.   dendron,  tree,   bios,  living:,  from  its  habitat) 

1.  Pseudobulbs    black-hairy;    flowers    white,    marked    with    yellow  D.  jormosum 

2.  Pseudo-bulbs  not  black-hairy  ;   flowers  white,  pink,  and  crimson  D.  nubile 


ORCHIDACEAE 

i  i.i,  mt  .■ 

(Gr.    odontos,    tooth,   gloisa,   !•■■ 
Flowers   few,  large,   yellow   with    red  brown    m.irLn,. 

rounded 

'  Incidum 

■•  :■■      oncidion.     i    llttli 

1.  I.ip   yellow 

a.  I.ip   4  lolx-cl  ;    other    petals    and    sepals    very    small,    • 

brown 
1).  Lip  round,  ob-cordate;  other  petals  and 

2.  Flower  soft  purple  I 


Glossary 


Achene     A   dry,    one-seeded   fruit 
Acuminate     Gradually   tapering    to   a    point 
Acute     Sharp-pointed 

Alternate     Not  opposite;  with     a  single  leaf  at  each  place  of  attachment 
Annual     Lasting  only  one  growing  season 

Anther     The   upper  part  of  the  stamen,  containing  the  pollen;   the  pollen  pouch 
Apetalous     Without  petals 
Apex     Tip   or   upper   end 

Apocarpous     Having   or   consisting   of   separate   carpels 
Apopetalous     Having  or   consisting  of  separate   petals 
Appressed     Lying  close  to  or  against  another  organ 
Aquatic     Growing  in  the   water 

Aristate     Drawn   out  into  a   long  needle-like   point 
Ascending     Growing  obliquely  upward 

Awl-shaped     Narrowed  upward  from  the  base   to  a  slender,  rigid  point 
Awn     A   slender   bristle-like   structure 
Awn-pointed     Tipped  with   an  awn 
Axil     The  angle  between  leaf  and  stem 
Axillary     Borne   in   the   axils    of   leaves 

Axis     A  term  generally  applied  to  that  portion  of  a  branch  which  bears  the  flowers  or 
the   parts   of  a   flower 

Barbed     Having   a   tip   like   a   fish-hook 

Basal     Arising   from   the   base 

Beak     An    elongated   tapering   structure 

Beaked     Bearing    a    beak 

Bearded     With   hairs  limited   more   or  less   to   a  certain   area  of  an   organ 

Berry     A   fruit   in  which   the   seeds  are   imbedded   in   a   soft   or  fleshy   substance 

Bitenate     Twice  ternate 

Blade     The  flat,  expanded  part  of  a  leaf 

Bract     A  leaf,  usually   small,   standing  below  a  flower   or  a   flower-cluster 

Bracteole     A   small   leaf   or   scale   on  the  pedicel   below   the   flower 

Bristle     A  stiff  hair  or  any  similar  outgrowth 

Bulb     A  short  stem  with  fleshy  scales,  usually  subterranean 

Bulbets     Small   bulbs 

Bulbous     Like  a   bulb;   bearing  bulbs 

Capsule     A   dry   fruit   consisting  of   two   or   more   carpels 

Carpel     A  simple  pistil,   or  one  member  or  division  of  a  compound  pistil 

Catkin     An  elongated  axis  covered  .with  scales  all  around  that  bear  either  stamens  or 

pistils 
Cell     A   cavity  or  chamber  in   an   ovary 

Chaff     Thin   scales  between   the   disk   flowers   of   composite   heads 
Ciliate     Provided  with   marginal  hairs 

Claw     Applied   to  the  much   narrowed  lower  portion  of  a  petal 
Cleft     Cut  about  half  way  to  the   middle 
Climbing     Growing   upon   a   support   of   some   kind 
Compound     Composed  of  two  or  more  similar  parts  united  into  one  whole 


GLOSSARY 

Compound  leaf     One  divided  into 
Cone     An  elongated  axis  b< 

flower  and    fruit   of  conifers 
Convolute     Rolled   up  length 
Cordate     Heart-shaped 
Corm     A  swollen  fleshy  base  of  a  stem 
Corymb     A    flat-topped   <>i    convex   open   flower   <1 
Creeping     Growing  along   tin-   ground 
Crenate     Scalloped;  with  rounded,  shallow   teeth 
Crenate-toothed     With    rounded   teeth 
Cyme     A  flower  cluster  in  which  the  terminal  or  middh 

somewhat  flat 

Deciduous     Falling   off  at   the  close  of  the   growing    period 

Declined     Benl   down 

Decurrent     Applied  to  leaf  bases,  running  down  the   st< 

Dentate     Toothed,  with  outwardly  projecting  teeth 

Denticulate     With   small   teeth 

Depressed     Vertically  flattened 

Dioecious     Bearing  pistil-   and   stamens   on   different   plants 

Disk     An  enlargement  of  tin-  axis  of  a  flower  around  tin 

i  if  tubular  flowers  in  tin-    ^.sterai 
Dissected     Cut   or  divided   into  numerous   segments 
Divided     Lobed  t>>  tin-  base 

Entire     Without  lobes,  divisions,  or  teeth 

Epigynous     Applied  to  a  flower  with   tin-  part-  upon  the  ovary 
Erect     Standing  upright 

Exserted     Projectim-;   beyond   the   surrounding   part- 
Fascicle     A  dense  cluster 
Fascicled     Borne  in   dense  clus 
Fertile     Bearing  seeds,  or  bearing  pollen 
Filament     The   -talk  bearing   the   anther 
Fleshy     Soft,  containing  more  or  [ess  sap 
Flower     An  axis  bearing  stamen-  or  pistils  or  both;   generally   s< 

associated   with    these 
Fruit     A  ripened  ovary,  sometime-  that  part  of  t!  , 

seeds  ripen 

Glabrous     Without  hairs 

Gland     A  secreting  surface  or  structure;  any  -mall  appi 

the    appearance    of    such    an    organ 
Glandular     With   glands   or  gland-like 
Glaucous     Covered  with   a  bluish   or   white,   tine,   n 
Globose      Spherical    or   ncarh     so 
Glume     The  small  scale  of  tin    spikelet 

Hastate      Arrow-shaped    hut    with    the    ha-.il    lobes    divei 

Head     A  dense  cluster  of  sessT    01    nearly     essil 
Herb     A  non-woody  plant  which  die-  down  to  tin 
Herbaceous     Of   the   nature   of  hei 
Hirsute     With    somewhat    coarse,    Stiff   hair- 
Hispid     With   bristly  stiff  hairs 
Hypogynous     Applied  t<>  a   flower  with  th< 

Included     Not    projecting   beyond   tin-    surrounding 

Indehiscent     Applied   to  fruits   that   do   i 
Inferior     Applied  to  an  organ   situated  bcl< 


66  GLOSSARY 

Inflorescence     The   portion   of  a  plant   bearing  the   flowers;    mode   of   arrangement   of 

flowers 
Integument     A  protecting  layer  or  coat,  as  the  covering  of  a  seed 
Internode     The   part  of  the  stem  between   two  successive   nodes 
Involucre     A  group  of  leaves  or  scale-like  leaves  borne  just  underneath  a  flower  or  a 

close  cluster  of  flowers 
Involucral  Of  an  involucre 
Irregular     Applied   to  a  flower   in   which   the  petals,  or   other  parts,   are   unlike 

Keel     The  two  fused  lower  petals  of  the  flower  of  the  Pea  Family- 
Keeled     Ridged,  like  the  keel  of  a  boat 

Lanceolate     Shaped  like  a  lance 

Lemma     The  outer  scale  of  a  grass  flower 

Lenticular     Shaped   like  a  lens 

Ligule     A  strap-shaped  organ,  as  the  rays  in  the  Asteraceae 

Ligulate     In  the  form  of  a  strap 

Linear     Long  and   narrow   with    sides   nearly  parallel 

Linear-lanceolate     Narrowly  lance-shaped 

Lip     Each  of  the  main  upper  and  lower  divisions  of  a  zygomorphic  corolla  or  calyx; 

the  peculiar  modified  petal  of  an  orchid  flower 
Lipped     Having  a  lip 

Monoecious     Bearing  stamens  and  pistils  on  the  same  plant  but  in  different  flowers 

Nerve     One  of  the  lines  or  ridges  running  through  a  leaf 

Net-veined     Veins   running  in   various   dirctions  and  connecting  with   each   other 

Netted-veined     Veins   running   in   various   directions   and   connecting   with   each   other 

Nodding     Hanging  on   a   bent  pedicel 

Node     The   part  of  the   stem  which   normally   bears   a   leaf 

Nut     A  dry,  one-seeded,  indehiscent  fruit  with  a  stony  shell  or  covering 

Nutlet     A  diminutive  nut 

Obcordate     Inversely   heart-shaped 

Oblanceolate     Inverse   of   lanceolate 

Oblong     Somewhat  longer  than  broad,  with  the  sides  nearly  parallel 

Oblong-lanceolate     Broadly  lance-shaped 

Obtuse     Rounded  or  blunt 

Opposite     Applied   to   organs   inserted   at   the   same   level  but    180   degrees   apart 

Orbicular     Circular 

Ovary     The  part  of  the  pistil  in  which  the  young  seeds  are  borne 

Ovate     Shaped  like  the   outline   of  an  egg 

Ovule     A  young  seed 

Palet     The   inner   scale   of  a   grass   flower 

Palmate     Radiately  lobed  or  divided 

Palmately     In  a  palmate  manner 

Panicle     A    compound    flower-cluster,    the    lower    branches    longest    and    blossoming 

first 
Pappus     The  bristles,  hairs,  awns  and  like  structures  which  are  borne  upon  the  fruit  in 

the   Chicory  and  Aster  Familes 
Parasitic     Growing  upon  and  getting  its  nourishment  from  some  other  plant 
Parted     Deeply  cleft 

Peduncle     The  stalk  of  a  flower  or  of  a  flower-cluster 
Pedicel     The  stalk   of  a  flower  in  a  flower-cluster 

Peltate     Shaped  like  a  shield  with  a  stalk  attached  in  the  middle  below 
Perennial     Lasting  from  year  to  year 
Perfect     A  flower  having  both  stamens  and  pistles 
Perfoliate     Leaves  appearing  to  be  pierced  by  the  stem 


GLOSSARY 

Perianth     Applied  to  the  leav<  -  oi  th<    fl    .-.  ■  :    ■ 

corolla 
Perigynium     The  sack-like  membr; 

Carex 
Perigynous     Applied  to  a  flower  in  which  th 

ovary 
Persistent     Organs  that  remain  attached  after  the  . 
Petal     One  of  the  inner  set  of  flower  leaves,  usuallj 
Petaloid     Resembling  a  petal,  especiallj    a 
Petiole     The  -talk  of  a  leaf 
Pilose     With   long   soft   hairs 
Pinnate     Leaves  divided  into  leaflet 
Pinnately      In   a   pinnate   manner 
Pinnatifid     Pinnately  cleft  to  tin-  middle  or  beyond 
Pistil    The  central  or  terminal  organ  in  a  flower,  containing  I 
Pistillate     With   pistils  but   without   stamens 
Plumose     Having  line  hairs  on  each  side  like  a  feather 
Plumy     Feathery 

Pod     A  dry  fruit   made  up  of  one   carpel   and   splitting  along    I 
Pollen     The  minute  grains   found   in  the  anther 
Puberulent     With  very  short  hair- 
Pubescent     With  hairs 

Raceme     A  more  or  le>s  elongated  axis  bearing  flowers  with 

Rachilla     The  axis  of  a  spikelet 

Rachis     The  axis  of  a  spike 

Ray     One  of  the  marginal  flowers  in  the  Asl 

Receptacle     The  end  of  a  flower  stalk  «.r  axis  bearing  the  floral  01 

aceae   bearing   flowers 
Recurved     Bent  back 

Regular     Having  the  members  of  each  part  alike  in  size  and 
Reniform     Kidney-shaped 
Resious     Bearing  resin 

Retrorse     Turned  downward  or  backward 
Rhombic     In  outline  like  a  rhombus;  obliquely  four-sid 
Rootstock     An   underground   stem 
Rotate      Flat  and  circular  in  outline:   wheel-shaped 
Rush-like     Resembling  a  rush 

Salverform     Having  a   -lender  tube,  abruptly  expanded 

Samara     A  winged  fruit 

Scabrous     Rough 

Scale      A    minute    or    much    reduced    leaf 

Scape     A  leafless  or  nearly  leafless  stalk  bearing 

arising  from  the  underground  portion  of  a  plant 
Scurfy     With  small  bran-lik  the  epideri 

Segment     One  of  the  part-  oi    t  leaf  or   similar  i 
Sepal     One   of   the   outer   set    ol    flowei 
Serrate     With  teeth  projecting  forward 
Serrulate     Finely   serrate 
Sessile     Without   a   stalk   or   ped 
Sheath     The  part  of  a  leaf  or  hat   base  whi<  : 
Sheathing     A   term  applied   to  the  manner  in 
Shrub     A    woody   plant:    -mailer    than   a 
Simple    Of  one  piece,  not  compound 
Sinuate     With    strongly    wavy    m.ir.uin- 
Spadix     A    fleshy  axis  bearin 


68  GLOSSARY 

Spathe     A  leaf-like  structure  standing  below  an  inflorescence 

Spatulate     Spoon-shaped,  shaped  like  a  spatula 

Spike     An   axis    bearing  sessile   flowers 

Spikelet     A   small  few-flowered  spike,  the  flower  cluster  of  grasses  and  sedges 

Spine     A   sharp,   woody   or  rigid   outgrowth   from   the   stem 

Spiny     Provided   with   spines 

Spur     A   hollow  projection   from  the   sepal  or   petal  of  a   flower 

Stamen     The   organ   of  a   flower   which   bears   the   pollen 

Staminate     With    stamens   but   without   pistils 

Staminoids     A   stirile    stamen  ' 

Standard     The  large  upper  petal  of  the  flower  of  the  Pea  Family 

Stigma     The   top   of   the   pistil   to   which   pollen   grains   become   attached 

Stipule     Outgrowths  of,  or  appendages  to,  the  base  of  a  petiole 

Strap-shaped     Long  and  narrow  in  outline 

Style     The  narrowed  or  pointed  part  of  the  pistil,  bearing  on  its  top  the  stigma 

Stylopodium     A  disk-like  expansion  at  the  base  of  the  style,  as  in  the  Apiaceae 

Submerged     LTnder  water 

Subtend     To  stand  below  on  the  axis 

Superior     Applied  to  an  organ  situated  above  another  one 

Sympetalous     Having  or   consisting  of   united  petals 

Syncarpous     Having  or  consisting  of  carpels  joined   together 

Teeth     The  regular  projections  along  the   margin   of  a  leaf 

Tendril     A  slender  coiling  organ 

Ternate     Consisting  of  three  leaflets 

Terrestrial     Growing  on  the  ground 

Thorn     A   stiff  sharp-pointed  outgrowth  from  the   bark  or  rind 

Tomentose     Covered  with    dense,   matted,  wool-like   hairs 

Trailing     Creeping  along  the   ground 

Trifoliate     Having  three   leaflets 

Truncate     Terminated   by  a  nearly  straight  edge  or  surface 

Twining     Winding  spirally  about  a  support 

Umbel     A  flower-cluster  with  all  the  pedicels  arising  from  the  same  point 

Umbellate     Borne  in   umbels 

Unarmed      Without  spines,  thorns,  or  prickles 

Valve     One  of  the  portions  into  which  some  dry  fruits  split;  a  trapdoor-like  opening 

in  the  pollen  chambers  of  some  anthers 
Vestigial  Reduced  almost  to  disappearance 
Villous     With  long  soft  hairs  not  matted  together 

Webby     With   a   tuft   of  slender,    curly   hairs 

Whorl     A  group  of  three  or  more  similar  organs,  as  leaves,  radiating  from  the  place 

of   attachment 
Whorled     Borne  in  a  whorl 
Wing     One  of  the  two  lateral  petals  of  the  flower  of  the  Pea  Family 

Zygomorphic     Applied  to  a  flower  with  petals  of  different  form 


D.   H.   HILL  LIBRARY 

North  Carolina  State  College 


Index  to  Common  Names 


Page 


lily 


A. 

I 

Acalypha 
Acanthus 
Acanthus   Fat 
Achimenes 
Aconite 
Agapanthus 
Ageratum 
Alfalfa 
A I  ham- 1 
.1 

Alsike 
Alum-root 
Amaranth 
Amaranth   Family 
Amaryllis 

Amaryllis    Family 

Amorphophallus 

Anemone 

Angiosperms 

Arrow-head 

Arrow-head.  Family 

Arrowhead  Order 

Artichoke 

Arum 

Arum   Family 

Arum  Order 

Asparagus 

Aspidistra 

Aster 

Aster    Family 

Aster  Order 

Astilbe 

Avens 

B. 

Bachelor's    Pulton 
Balloon-Vine 

Balm 

Balmony 

Balsam 

Bamboo    Tribe 

Barley 

Barley   Tribe 

Barnyard  Grass 

Bean 

Beard   Grass 


8 
12 

20 

20 

20 
2 

48 

38 

26 

17 

47 

26 

27 
6 
6 
59 
99 

45 
1 
1 
44 
44 
4+ 
37 
45 
45 
45 
47 
48 
42 
33 
M 
27 
24 


$9 
28 

22 
19 
11 

58 
58 
54 
26 
54 


ticks 

i 

-i  sly 

■  una 

•    una    lily 

imot   Mint 
Bidens 
Bindi 
Bistorta 

-..■ret 
>    Star 
Bluebell 
Bluebell  Family 

■  let 
Bluebottle 
Blueg 

Blue  grass   Tribe 
Blue  joint    i, 
Flue  stem 

;tem    Tribe 
Bolton  ia 

Borage  Family 
Bottlcbrush 
Bouncing    Bet 

irdia 
Bridal    Wreath 
Bromus 

illia 
Bryophyllum 

Bud 

Bur 

/>'«.'  . 

H  ma- 
lt unlet 

Butt 


16 

$9 

IS 

8 

16 

12 
19 

;: 

:> 
54 

4; 
(8 

17 

17 
5  > 

31 

l  ' 

7 

I 
I 
I 


JO 

' 

1 


;o 


INDEX   TO   COMMON   NAMES 


Club  Rush 

Cobaea 

Cocklebur 

Cockscomb 

Codiaeum 

Colchicum 

Compass   Plant 
Com- flower 

psis 
Corn 

('<  rn-cockle 
Corn    Tribe 
Cotton 
Cotyledon 
Cosmos 
Couch    Grass 
Cow   Far  snip 
Cowslip 
Cranesbill 
Cress 
Crocus 
C  rot  on 
Crowfoot 
Cucumber 
Cup  Plant 
Cut-grass 
Cyclamen 
Cyclanthera 
Cyperus 
Cypress   Vine 
Cypripedium 


Dahlia 

Daisy 

Dalea 

Dandelion 

Darnel 

Day    Flower 

Day    Lily 

Dead-nettle 

Dendrobium 

Dill 

Dock 

Dodder 

Docllingera 

Dogbane  Family 

Dragon-head 

Drop-seed 

Dulichium 

Dysodia 


Page 

26 
49 
14 
38 

6 
13 
48 
17 
40 
40 
49 
54 

5 
53 
10 
28 
40 
58 
31 
13 
10 

4 
60 
13 

1 
30 
40 
55 
14 
30 
50 
15 
62 


40 
42,  43 
27 
43 
58 
46 
48 
24 
62 
31 
8 
15 
42 
18 
23 
56 
50 
43 


Page 


Page 


E. 


Eel-grass  45 

Egg-plant  16 

Elephant's   Far  30 

/■  fid,  ndrum  62 

Epipactis  62 

Eragrostis  58 

Eupatorium  38 

Evening   Primrose  29 
Primrose    Family    28 

Everlasting  6,  37,  38 

E-oerlasting  Pea  26 


False  Saffron 

Fennel 

Ft  scue  Grass 

Feverfew 

Finger  Grass 

Fireweed 

Five-finger 

Flax 

Flax   Family 

Flower-of-an-H  our 

Foliage-plant 

Four  O'Clock 

Four  O'Clock  Family 

Foxglove 

F  oxtail 

Foxtail  Grass 

Frascra 

Freesia 

Fuchsia 

G. 

Gaillardia 

Galinsoga 

Gardenia 

Garden     Trumpet 

Genista 

Gt  >it  nin 

Gentian    Family 

Gentian    Order 

Gt  ranium 

Geranium  Family 

Geranium    Order 

Germander 

Gesnera    Family 

Giant    Hyssop 

Gill 

Gilli  flower 

Gladiolus 

Gloxinia 

Goatsbeard 


G  odetia 

29 

Goldbcard 

54 

Golden    Glow 

40 

Golden-rod 

41 

Goldstem 

54 

G  oosefoot 

7 

Goose  foot    Family 

7 

Gourd 

30 

Gourd  Family 

29 

Grama    Grass 

55 

Grama    Tribe 

55 

Grass   Family 

50 

Grass  Order 

.       49 

Green    Pepper 

16 

Grindelia 

43 

Ground    Cherry 

16 

Groundnut 

26 

Gypsophila 

5 

H. 

Harebell 

32 

JI  dzehsbcard 

44 

Hawkweed 

44 

Haworthia 

47 

Heal-all 

23 

Heart' s-ease 

4 

Heartsease 

7 

Heart-Seed 

28 

Hedge   Mustard 

4 

Hedge  Nettle 

24 

ITeliolrope 

17 

Hellebore 

1 

IT  mp 

10 

Henbane 

16 

He  nb  it 

24 

Herb   Robert 

10 

Hibiscus 

9 

Hoarhound 

23 

Hollyhock 

9 

Honeysuckle 

32 

Honeysuckle   Fain  ily 

32 

Hop 

10 

Horse-bean 

27 

Horse-mint 

22 

Horse  Nettle 

16 

Horseradish 

4 

Houndstongue 

17 

Hyacinth 

48 

Hyssop 

23 

I. 

Incarvillea 

20 

Indian    Cress 

11 

Iresine 

7 

INDEX    TO    COMMON    NAMES 


Iris 

his   Family 

60 
60 

.1/  i 

Iris  Ord  r 

Ironweed 

/.via 

38 
60 

Man 

Maple  (hder 

7 

J. 

M,i, 

O 

Mi 

Jacobaean   Lily 

59 

Marsh   Elder 

Jerusalem   Cherry 

16 

Marsh   Mallow 

Jewel-weed 

11 

Marvel  oj  Peru 

Jitnson  Weed 

16 

I  . 

Job's    Tears 

54 

Maw 

1  1 

Joe-pye  Weed 

38 

M,i' 

Johnsonian  Lily 

59 

M    ■  - 

57 

K. 

Kenilworth   Ivy 
Kinghead 

19 
38 

Mign, 

nette  Family 
Milfoil 

4 
4 

Knot-weed 

Koeleria 

Kuhnia 

7 
57 
38 

Milk 

Milkwort   Family 

Tribe 
Mint 

4 
4 

22 
21 

11 

L. 

Mint  Family 

11 

Lady's   Thumb 

8 

Mint    Order 

21 

Laelia 

62 

Mo   i 

P. 

Lambs-Quarters 

7 

- '  PPle 

Lantana 

21 

M  u  ••:•   Cypress 

7 

Larkspur 

2 

Moneywort 

14 

Lavender 
Leadwort 

13 
13 

Monkey   /■',■' 
Monkshood 

1  ' 

: 

Leadwort  Family 

Lemon 

Lettuce 

Lily 

Lily  Family 

13 
12 
44 
47 
46 

M  mstera 
Montbretia 
Moon  flower 
Morning   Glory 
Morning  Glory   . 

4; 
oi 
is 

(S 

1* 

L  ily-of-the-valley 
Lily  Order 
Lima    Bean 

4S 
46 
26 

.1/,  i .  f 
Mountain   Mint 

23 

L  ive-for-ever 

28 

Mountain     .' 

Lobelia 

32 

Muhlenbi 

L^oosestrife 

14,  28 

Loosestrife   Family 

28 

Mullein 

Loosestrife  Order 

28 

Musk  ■ 
Musk 

l  1 

Lopezia 
Lopseed 

29 

21 

.1/-. 

L ucerne 

26 

Lupine 

25 

M:, 

M. 

N. 

Madder  Family 

31 

M 

Madder    Order 

31 

;  1 

Maid-in-a-Mist 

I 

II 

Maize 

54 

4 

Mallow 

9 

' 

4 

INDEX   TO    COMMON   NAMES 


Page 


Page 


Page 


Plantain 

14 

Rye  Grass 

58 

Storksbill 

11 

Plantain   Family 

14 

Rye   Tribe 

58 

Stramonium 

16 

Platycodon 

32 

s. 

Strawberry 

24 

Poinsettia 

12 

Strawbi  rry    Geranium 

27 

Polanisia 

Poppy 

3 

2 

Safflower 
Sage 

37 

22 

Strcptocarpus 
Sunflower 
Sweet  Alyssum 

20 

41 

3 

Poppy  Family 

2 

Salsify 

43 

Sweet  Basil 

23 

Potentilla 

24 

Sand  bur 

54 

Sweet    Clover 

26 

Potato 

16 

Sanicle 

38 

Sweet  Pea 

26 

Potato   Family 

15 

Savory 

24 

Sweet    Potato 

15 

Prairie    ( 

27 

Saxifrage 

27 

Sweet  Scabious 

33 

Primrose 

13 

Saxifrage  Family 

27 

Sweet    William 

14 

Primrose   Family 

13 

Scarlet  Runner 

26 

Sweet-W  illiam 

5 

Primrose    Order 

13 

S  cilia 

48 

Prince's  Feather 

6,  8 

Sea  Holly 

31 

T. 

Pumpkin 

30 

Sedge 

50 

Tansy 

38 

Purple  Coronilla 

27 

Sedge   Family 

49 

Tare 

27 

Purslane 

6 

Self-heal 

23 

Teasel 

33 

Purslane   Family 

6 

Senna 

27 

Teasel   Family 

32 

Q- 

Sensitive  Plant 

27 

Telanthera 

7 

58 

Shepherd's  Purse 

3 

Telegraph   Plant 

26 

Quack  Grass 

Silp  Ilium 

40 

Thistle 

37 

Quaking    Grass 

57 

Skullcap 

23 

Thorn-apple 

16 

R. 

Slough  Grass 

55 

Thrift 

13 

Rabbit-foot 

26 

Smart-weed 

8 

Thunbergia 

20 

Radish 

3 

Snapdragon 

19 

Thyme 

23 

Ragged  Lady 
Ragged  Robin 
Ragweed 
Red-hot  Poker 

1 

5 

Snapdragon  Family 
Snapdragon    Order 

18 
18 

Tickseed 
Tick-Trefoil 

40 
26 

38 
48 

Sneezeweed 
Snow-on-the-Mouniain 

43 
13 

Tillandsia 
Timothy 

61 

56 

Red  Mallow 

9 

Soapberry  Family 

28 

Tobacco 

17 

Red  Peppt  r 

16 

Soapwort 

5 
54 
8 

Tomato 

16 

Red  Top 

56 

Sorghum 

Torenia 

19 

Red    Top    Tribe 
Reed  Grass 

56 

Sorrel 

Touch-me-not 

11 

56 

Sow-thistle 

44 

Touch-me-not   Family 

11 

Ret  d-grass 

57 

Spanish    Moss 

61 

Tritelia 

48 

Rhubarb 

8 

Spearmint 

22 

Tropaeolum 

11 

Rice 

55 

Speedwell 

19 

Tropaeolum  Family 

11 

Rice    Tribe 

55 

Spelt 

58 

Tuberose 

59 

Rich  weed 

10 

Spnlerwort 

46 

Tulip 

47 

Rocket 

2 

Spiderwort   Family 

46 

Turnip 

3 

Rocky  Mountain 

Bee  Plant  3 

Spike  Rush 

49 

Turtle-head 

19 

Rose 

24 

Spinach 

7 

u. 

Rose  Bay 

18 

Spiraea 

25 

Rose  Family 

24 

Spiranthes 

62 

Unicorn    Plant 

20 

Rose-Mallow 

9 

Spotted  Medic 

26 

V. 

Rosemary 

22 

Spurge 

12 

5 

Rose  of   China 

9 

Spurge   Family 

12 

Vaccaria 

Rose  Order 

24 

Squash 

30 

Valerian 

32 

Rue 

12 

Squirrel-tail   Grass 

58 

Valerian    Family 

32 

Rue  Family 

12 

Starwort-chickwccd 

5 

Vegetable   Sponge 

30 

Rush-grass 

56 

Stock 

4 

Velvet  Leaf 

9 
21 

Russian     Thistle 

7 

Stonccrop 

28 

Verbena 

Rye 

58 

Stonecrop    Family 

27 

Verbena   Family 

21 

INDEX    TO    COMMON    N 


Verbesina 

Vervain 

Vetch 

i'i<>h/ 

Violet    Family 
Virgin' 

W. 

Wall  peppt  r 
Wandering  Jew 
Wait  r-hemp 
Water-plantain 


40 
21 

.: 

4 

4 

1 


Wild  r 
Wild  : 

Wind  ft  t 


Index  to  Scientific  Names 


Page 


Page 


Page 


A  rack  is 

27 

Callirrhoe 

9 

A. 

A  rales 

45 

Callistephus 

42 

A  bronia 

8 

Arctium 

37 

Campanales 

32 

A  but  Hon 

9 

Argemone 

2 

Campanula 

32 

Acalypha 

12 

Armaria 

13 

Campanulaceae 

32 

Acanthaceae 

20 

Artemisia 

38 

Canna 

61 

Acanthus 

20 

Arum 

45 

Cannabis 

10 

Achillea 

43 

Arundinaria 

59 

Cannaceae 

61 

Achimenes 

20 

Asparagus 

47 

Capparidaceae 

2 

Acnida 

6 

Aspidistra 

48 

Caprifoliaceae 

32 

Aconitum 

2 

Aster 

42 

Capsicum 

16 

Agapantlius 

48 

A  steraceae 

33 

Cardiospermum 

28 

Ageratum 

38 

Aster  ales 

31 

Card u us 

37 

Agropyrum 

58 

Astilbe 

27 

Carex 

50 

Agrostideae 

56 

Atropa 

16 

Carthamus 

37 

Agrostis 

56 

Aveneae 

56 

Carum 

31 

Alistna 

44 

A  vena 

57 

Caryophyllaceae 

4 

Alismaceae 

44 

B. 

Caryophyllales 

4 

Alismales 

44 

Cassia 

27 

Allionia 

8 

Balsaminaceae 

11 

C  at  t  ley  a 

62 

Allioniaceae 

8 

Bambuseae 

59 

Celosia 

6 

Allium 

48 

Begonia 

30 

Cenchrus 

54 

Aloe 

47 

Begoniaceae 

30 

Centaurea 

39 

Alopecurus 

56 

Bellis 

42 

Centranthus 

32 

Althaea 

9 

Beta 

7 

Cerastium 

6 

Alyssum 

3 

Bidens 

39 

Chamaenerium 

29 

Amarantaceae 

6 

Bignoniaceae 

20 

Chelidonium 

2 

A  mar  ant  us 

6 

Bolt on  ia 

43 

Chelone 

19 

Amaryllidaceae 

59 

Boraginareae 

17 

Chenopodiaceae 

7 

A  maryllis 

59 

Bora  go 

17 

Chenopodium 

7 

Ambrosia 

38 

Bouteloua 

55 

Chlorideae 

55 

Ammobium 

37 

Bouvardia 

31 

Chlorophytum 

48 

A  morphophallus 

45 

Brassica 

3 

Chrysanthemum 

43 

Anagallis 

14 

Brassicaceae 

3 

Chrysopogon 

54 

Ananas 

61 

Brassicales 

2 

Chrysopsis 

41 

Anchusa 

17 

Briza 

57 

Cichorium 

44 

Andropogon 

54 

Bromeliaceae 

61 

China 

56 

Andropogoneae 

54 

Bromus 

57 

Citrus 

12 

Anemone 

1 

Browallia 

19 

Clematis 

1 

A  net  hum 

31 

Bryophyllum 

28 

Cleome 

3 

A  ngiospermae 

1 

Bursa 

3 

Clivia 

59 

Anthemis 

40 

Butomus 

45 

Cobaea 

14 

Antirrhinum 

19 

c. 

Codiaeum 

13 

Apiaceae 

30 

Coix 

54 

Apiales 

30 

Cactales 

29 

Colchicum 

48 

Apios 

26 

Calamagrostis 

56 

Coleus 

23 

A  pin  m 

31 

Calamovilfa 

56 

Commelina 

46 

A pocynaceae 

18 

Calceolaria 

18 

Commelinaceae 

46 

A raceae 

45 

Calendula 

43     . 

Convallaria 

48 

INDEX  TO  SCIENTIFIC  NAMES 


Tage 


Convolvulaceae 

Convolvulus 

Coreopsis 

Coronilla 

Cosmos 

Cotyledon 

Crassulaceae 

Crepis 

Crocus 

Cue  amis 

Cucurbita 

Cucurbitaceae 

Cuphea 

Cuscuta 

Cyclamen 

Cyclanthera 

Cynara 

Cynoglossum 

Cyperaceae 

Cyperus 

Cypripedium 

D. 

Dactylis 

Dahlia 

Dalea 

Datura 

Daucus 

Delphinium 

Dendrobium 

Desmodium 

Dianthus 

Digitalis 

Digit  aria 

Dipsaceae 

Dipsacus 

Doellingera 

Dracocephalum 

Dulichium 

Dysodia 


E. 


Ecballium 

Echinacea 

Echinochloa 

Elymus 

Epidendrum 

E  pi  pact  is 

Eragrostis 

Erigeron 

Erodium 

Eryngium 

Eschscholtzia 

Eupatorium 


14 

Euphorbia 

15 

L.uf 

40 
27 

F. 

40 

28 

Fagopyrum 

27 

Falcata 

44 

tin  a 

60 

Ft  ttueeae 

30 

ulum 

30 

Fragaria 

29 

Frasera 

28 

Ft  i 

15 

Fuchsia 

14 

Funkia 

30        • 

37 

G. 

17 

Gadlardia 

49 

Galinsoga 

50 

Galium 

62 

Gard 

Gt  nist a 

Gi  ntiana 

57 

Gentianactae 

40 

GentianaJes 

27 

Geraniaceae 

16 

Geranialcs 

31 

Geranium 

2 

Gesneraceae 

62 

Gcum 

26 

Gladiolus 

5 

Glaucium 

19 

Gomphrena 

54 

Gossypium 

32 

Graminact  <i<- 

33 

Grindelia 

42 

Gypsophila 

23 
50 

H. 

43 

Hamamclidaccae 

J/amamclis 

Jlatvorthia 

30 

Helcnium 

40 

Heleocharis 

54 

Hclianthclla 

58 

]  I  dianthus 

62 

Hclichrysum 

62 

lJcliopsis 

58 

ffeliotropium 

42 

Jlclleborus 

11 

Heracleum 

31 

H tucker a 

2 

Hibiscus 

38 

Hieracium 

43 

« 

31 

31 

27 
17 
17 
17 
10 
10 
10 
28 
24 
60 

6 

10 
50 

43 

5 


47 

41 
41 

41 

17 

1 

31 

'i 


imut 


. 


■ 


I 


10 


44 
30 

3 
M 


76 


INDEX  TO  SCIENTIFIC  NAMES 


Page 


Page 


Page 


Lonicera 

31 

Onagraceae 

28 

Potentilla 

24 

Lo  pan  tli  us 

24 

One  id  inn 

63 

Poterium 

25 

Lopezia 

29 

Orchidaceae 

61 

Primula 

13 

Luff  a 

30 

Orchidales 

61 

Primulaceae 

13 

Lupin  us 

25 

Origanum 

23 

Primulales 

13 

Lychnis 

5 

Ornithogalum 

48 

Prunella 

23 

Lycium 

16 

Oryza 

55 

Q. 

Lycopersicum 

16 

Oryzeae 

55 

Lysimachia 

14 

Oryzopsis 

56 

Quamoclit 

15 

Lytliraceae 

28 

Oxalidaceae 

11 

R. 

Lythrales 

28 

Oxalis 

11 

Lythrum 

28 

Ran  ales 

1 

P. 

Ranunculaceae 

1 

M. 

Ranunculus 

1 

Mah  a 

9 

Paniceae 

54 

Raphanus 

3 

Malvaceae 

8 

Panic  um 

55 

Rat  ibid  a 

40 

Malvales 

8 

Papaver 

2 

Reseda 

4 

Malvastrum 

9 

Papaveraceae 

2 

Resedaceae 

4 

Malvaviscus 

9 

Parietaria 

10 

Rheum 

8 

Marrubium 

23 

Pastinaca 

31 

Ricinus 

12 

Marty  nia 

20 

Pelargonium 

11 

Rosa 

24 

Matricaria 

43 

Pentstemon 

19 

Rosaceae 

24 

Mat  thiol  a 

4 

Perilla 

22 

Rosales 

24 

Maurandia 

19 

Petalostemon 

27 

Rosmarinus 

22 

Maydeae 

53 

Petunia 

17 

Rubiaceae 

31 

Medicago 

26 

Phalarideae 

55 

Rubiales 

31 

Melilotus 

26 

Ph  alar  is 

55 

Rudbeckia 

40 

Melissa 

23 

Phaseolus 

26 

Rum  ex 

8 

Mentha 

22 

Philotria 

45 

Ruscus 

47 

Micrampelis 

30 

Phleum 

56 

Rut  a 

12 

Mimosa 

27 

Phlox 

14 

Rutaceae 

12 

Mini  it! us 

19 

Phragmites 

57 

Mirabilis 

8 

Phryma 

21 

s. 

Mollugaceae 

6 

Physalis 

16 

Sagittaria 

44 

Mollugo 

6 

Physostegia 

23 

Salpiglossis 

19 

Monarda 

22 

Pilea 

10 

Sal  so  la 

7 

Monstera 

45 

Plantaginaceae 

14 

Salvia 

22 

Moraceae 

10 

Plantago 

14 

Sapindaceae 

28 

Moraea 

60 

Platycodon 

32 

Sapindales 

28 

Muhlcnbergia 

56 

Plumbaginaceae 

13 

Saponarla 

5 

Plumbago 

13 

Satureia 

24 

N. 

Poa 

57 

Saxifraga 

27 

Nabalus 

44 

Poales 

49 

Saxifragaceae 

27 

Narcissus 

59 

Polanisia 

3 

Scabiosa 

33 

Nasturtium 

4 

Polemoniaceae 

14 

Schizanthus 

18 

Nepeta 

24 

Polemoniales 

14 

Scilla 

48 

Nerine 

60 

Polianthes 

59 

Scirpus 

49 

Nerium 

18 

Polygala 

4 

Scitaminales 

61 

Nicotian  a 

17 

Polygalaceae 

4 

Scrophulariaceae 

18 

Nigella 

1 

Polygonaceae 

7 

Scrophulariales 

18 

o. 

Polygonum 

7 

Scutellaria 

23 

Pontederia 

49 

Secale 

58 

Ocimum 

23 

Pontederiaceae 

48 

Sedum 

28 

Odontoglossum 

63 

Portulaca 

6 

Set  aria 

54 

Oenothera 

29 

Portulacaceae 

6 

Sicyos 

30 

INDEX  TO  SCIENTIFIC  NAMES 


Pag. 


Silene 

5 

Taraxacum 

43 

Silphium 

40 

Telan 

7 

Sinuingia 

20 

Teucrium 

23 

Sisymbrium 

4 

'I'h  un 

20 

Solanaceae 

15 

Thymus 

23 

Solatium 

16 

Til  I,i 

61 

41 

Torenia 

1  1 

Sonchus 

44 

4m 

Sorghum 

54 

pogon 

Spar  Una 

55 

Hum 

Spiihiroa 

7 

Trii 

Spiraea 

25 

Tritirum 

4 

Spiranthes 

62 

Trit 

(.1 

4 

Sporobolus 

56 

i 

11 

X. 

Sprekelia 

59 

11 

Stachys 

24 

Tulipa 

Stellaria 
Streptocarpus 

5 
20 

U. 

z. 

Symphytum 

17 

10 

10 

T. 

■ 

43 

V. 

Tanacetum 

38 

gayiamount-k; 
pamphlet  binder 

Syrocu»».  NY. 

!        Stockton,  Colif. 


